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美国国家职业安全与健康研究所(NIOSH)批准的和获得CE认证的颗粒物过滤面罩呼吸器的纳米颗粒过滤性能比较。

Comparison of nanoparticle filtration performance of NIOSH-approved and CE-marked particulate filtering facepiece respirators.

作者信息

Rengasamy Samy, Eimer Benjamin C, Shaffer Ronald E

机构信息

National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, PO Box 18070, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.

出版信息

Ann Occup Hyg. 2009 Mar;53(2):117-28. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/men086.

Abstract

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and European Norms (ENs) employ different test protocols for evaluation of air-purifying particulate respirators commonly referred to as filtering facepiece respirators (FFR). The relative performance of the NIOSH-approved and EN-certified 'Conformité Européen' (CE)-marked FFR is not well studied. NIOSH requires a minimum of 95 and 99.97% efficiencies for N95 and P100 FFR, respectively; meanwhile, the EN requires 94 and 99% efficiencies for FFRs, class P2 (FFP2) and class P3 (FFP3), respectively. To better understand the filtration performance of NIOSH- and CE-marked FFRs, initial penetration levels of N95, P100, FFP2 and FFP3 respirators were measured using a series of polydisperse and monodisperse aerosol test methods and compared. Initial penetration levels of polydisperse NaCl aerosols [mass median diameter (MMD) of 238 nm] were measured using a method similar to the NIOSH respirator certification test method. Monodisperse aerosol penetrations were measured using silver particles for 4-30 nm and NaCl particles for 20-400 nm ranges. Two models for each FFR type were selected and five samples from each model were tested against charge neutralized aerosol particles at 85 l min(-1) flow rate. Penetrations from the 238 nm MMD polydisperse aerosol test were <1% for N95 and FFP2 models and <0.03% for P100 and FFP3 models. Monodisperse aerosol penetration levels showed that the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) was in the 30-60 nm range for all models of FFRs tested in the study. Percentage penetrations at the MPPS were <4.28, <2.22, <0.009 and <0.164 for the N95, FFP2, P100 and FFP3 respirator models, respectively. The MPPS obtained for all four FFR types suggested particle capturing by electrostatic mechanism. Liquid isopropanol treatment of FFRs shifted the MPPS to 200-300 nm and dramatically increased polydisperse as well as monodisperse aerosol penetrations of all four FFR types indicating that all the four FFR types share filtration characteristics of electret filters. Electrostatic charge removal from all four FFR types also increased penetration levels of 400-1000 nm range particles. Particle penetration data obtained in this study showed that the eight models of NIOSH-approved N95 and P100 and CE-marked FFP2 and FFP3 respirators used in this study provided expected levels of laboratory filtration performance against nanoparticles.

摘要

美国国家职业安全与健康研究所(NIOSH)和欧洲标准(ENs)采用不同的测试方案来评估通常被称为过滤式面罩呼吸器(FFR)的空气净化颗粒呼吸器。对于经NIOSH批准且带有“欧洲合格认证”(CE)标志的FFR,其相对性能尚未得到充分研究。NIOSH要求N95和P100 FFR的最低效率分别为95%和99.97%;与此同时,EN要求P2级(FFP2)和P3级(FFP3)FFR的效率分别为94%和99%。为了更好地了解经NIOSH认证和CE标志的FFR的过滤性能,使用一系列多分散和单分散气溶胶测试方法测量了N95、P100、FFP2和FFP3呼吸器的初始穿透水平并进行了比较。使用类似于NIOSH呼吸器认证测试方法的方法测量了多分散氯化钠气溶胶[质量中值直径(MMD)为238 nm]的初始穿透水平。使用银颗粒测量了4 - 30 nm范围内的单分散气溶胶穿透率,使用氯化钠颗粒测量了20 - 400 nm范围内的单分散气溶胶穿透率。每种FFR类型选择了两个型号,每个型号取五个样品,在85 l min⁻¹的流量下针对电荷中和的气溶胶颗粒进行测试。对于N95和FFP2型号,238 nm MMD多分散气溶胶测试的穿透率<1%,对于P100和FFP3型号,穿透率<0.03%。单分散气溶胶穿透水平表明,在本研究中测试的所有FFR型号中,最易穿透粒径(MPPS)在30 - 60 nm范围内。对于N95、FFP2、P100和FFP3呼吸器型号,在MPPS处的穿透百分比分别<4.28%、<2.22%、<0.009%和<0.164%。所有四种FFR类型获得的MPPS表明颗粒是通过静电机制捕获的。对FFR进行液体异丙醇处理后,MPPS转移到200 - 300 nm,并且显著增加了所有四种FFR类型的多分散和单分散气溶胶穿透率,这表明所有四种FFR类型都具有驻极体过滤器的过滤特性。去除所有四种FFR类型的静电荷也增加了400 - 1000 nm范围内颗粒的穿透水平。本研究中获得的颗粒穿透数据表明,本研究中使用的经NIOSH批准的N95和P100以及带有CE标志的FFP2和FFP3呼吸器的八个型号,针对纳米颗粒提供了预期水平的实验室过滤性能。

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