Krause E Tobias, Honarmand Mariam, Wetzel Jennifer, Naguib Marc
Department of Animal Behaviour, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e5015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005015. Epub 2009 Mar 26.
Conditions experienced during early life can have profound effects on individual development and condition in adulthood. Differences in nutritional provisioning in birds during the first month of life can lead to differences in growth, reproductive success and survival. Yet, under natural conditions shorter periods of nutritional stress will be more prevalent. Individuals may respond differently, depending on the period of development during which nutritional stress was experienced. Such differences may surface specifically when poor environmental conditions challenge individuals again as adults. Here, we investigated long term consequences of differences in nutritional conditions experienced during different periods of early development by female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) on measures of management and acquisition of body reserves. As nestlings or fledglings, subjects were raised under different nutritional conditions, a low or high quality diet. After subjects reached sexual maturity, we measured their sensitivity to periods of food restriction, their exploration and foraging behaviour as well as adult resting metabolic rate (RMR). During a short period of food restriction, subjects from the poor nutritional conditions had a higher body mass loss than those raised under qualitatively superior nutritional conditions. Moreover, subjects that were raised under poor nutritional conditions were faster to engage in exploratory and foraging behaviour. But RMR did not differ among treatments. These results reveal that early nutritional conditions affect adult exploratory behaviour, a representative personality trait, foraging and adult's physiological condition. As early nutritional conditions are reflected in adult phenotypic plasticity specifically when stressful situations reappear, the results suggest that costs for poor developmental conditions are paid when environmental conditions deteriorate.
生命早期经历的状况会对个体发育及成年后的状况产生深远影响。鸟类在出生后第一个月的营养供应差异会导致生长、繁殖成功率和存活率的差异。然而，在自然条件下，较短时期的营养压力更为普遍。个体的反应可能不同，这取决于经历营养压力时的发育阶段。当恶劣的环境条件在个体成年后再次对其构成挑战时，这种差异可能会特别明显地显现出来。在这里，我们研究了雌性斑胸草雀（Taeniopygia guttata）在早期发育的不同阶段所经历的营养条件差异对身体储备管理和获取指标的长期影响。作为雏鸟或刚 fledglings，实验对象在不同的营养条件下饲养，即低质量或高质量饮食。在实验对象达到性成熟后，我们测量了它们对食物限制期的敏感性、探索和觅食行为以及成年后的静息代谢率（RMR）。在短时间的食物限制期间，来自营养条件较差组的实验对象体重损失比在质量上更优的营养条件下饲养的实验对象更大。此外，在营养条件较差的环境中饲养的实验对象更快地开始探索和觅食行为。但不同处理组之间的RMR没有差异。这些结果表明，早期营养条件会影响成年后的探索行为（一种代表性的个性特征）、觅食行为和成年个体的生理状况。由于早期营养条件在压力情况再次出现时特别体现在成年个体的表型可塑性上，结果表明当环境条件恶化时，发育条件较差的代价就会显现出来。 （注：这里“fledglings”不太明确准确意思，可能是“刚会飞的幼鸟”之类的，你可根据实际情况进一步确认和调整译文表述更准确）
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