Kaplan P Ozge, Decarolis Joseph, Thorneloe Susan
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Mar 15;43(6):1711-7. doi: 10.1021/es802395e.
The use of municipal solid waste (MSW) to generate electricity through landfill-gas-to-energy (LFGTE) and waste-to-energy (WTE) projects represents roughly 14% of U.S. nonhydro renewable electricity generation. Although various aspects of LFGTE and WTE have been analyzed in the literature, this paper is the first to present a comprehensive set of life-cycle emission factors per unit of electricity generated for these energy recovery options. In addition, sensitivity analysis is conducted on key inputs (e.g., efficiency of the WTE plant landfill gas management schedules, oxidation rate, and waste composition) to quantify the variability in the resultant life-cycle emissions estimates. While methane from landfills results from the anaerobic breakdown of biogenic materials, the energy derived from WTE results from the combustion of both biogenic and fossil materials. The greenhouse gas emissions for WTE ranges from 0.4 to 1.5 MTCO2e/MWh, whereas the most agressive LFGTE scenerio results in 2.3 MTCO2e/MWh. WTE also produces lower NO(x) emissions than LFGTE, whereas SO(x) emissions depend on the specific configurations of WTE and LFGTE.
通过垃圾填埋气发电（LFGTE）和垃圾焚烧发电（WTE）项目利用城市固体废物（MSW）发电约占美国非水电可再生能源发电量的14%。尽管文献中已对LFGTE和WTE的各个方面进行了分析，但本文首次针对这些能源回收方案给出了每发一度电的一套全面的生命周期排放因子。此外，对关键输入参数（如WTE工厂的效率、垃圾填埋气管理计划、氧化率和废物成分）进行了敏感性分析，以量化所得生命周期排放估算值的变异性。虽然垃圾填埋场的甲烷来自生物材料的厌氧分解，但WTE产生的能源来自生物材料和化石材料的燃烧。WTE的温室气体排放量在0.4至1.5公吨二氧化碳当量/兆瓦时之间，而最激进的LFGTE情景下排放量为2.3公吨二氧化碳当量/兆瓦时。WTE产生的氮氧化物排放量也低于LFGTE，而硫氧化物排放量则取决于WTE和LFGTE的具体配置。
