Cooper Matthew
McMaster University.
J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics. 2008 Dec;3(4):19-34. doi: 10.1525/jer.2008.3.4.19.
A FIRST-EVER SURVEY of cultural anthropologists was conducted concerning the sharing of data, interpretations, and results with study participants. Briefly summarized, the study showed that almost all of the survey respondents had shared data or results with participants and almost all found this to be a positive experience. They had carried out research in many countries, some over long periods of time, and many had completed several field projects. Most believe that researchers, either alone or in consultation with participants and their groups, should decide whether, when, and what to share. Anthropologists find that sharing produces many benefits, for themselves as individuals and as researchers, for individual participants, and for the communities, groups, or institutions to which the latter belong. The perceived harms that might result from sharing have to do particularly with potential threats to privacy, confidentiality or anonymity, as well as the possibilities of social conflict and oppression. Thus, researchers have serious concerns about the sharing of certain kinds of data that might lead to such consequences. While many or most respondents think that sharing is the ethically proper course of action, they are very aware of the complexities of particular situations and the need for nuanced decision making. Most think that the researcher should play a major role in deciding whether sharing should take place and what should be shared. Hence, for these cultural anthropologists, in the end, sharing requires trying to balance the good of sharing with the good of doing no harm to those with whom they have done research.
针对与研究参与者分享数据、解读和结果的情况，首次对文化人类学家进行了调查。简要概括来说，该研究表明，几乎所有参与调查的人都曾与参与者分享过数据或结果，而且几乎所有人都认为这是一次积极的经历。他们在许多国家开展过研究，有些研究持续了很长时间，许多人还完成了多个实地项目。大多数人认为，研究者应自行决定，或与参与者及其团体协商后决定是否分享、何时分享以及分享什么。人类学家发现，分享对研究者个人、个体参与者以及后者所属的社区、团体或机构都有诸多益处。分享可能带来的危害尤其涉及对隐私、保密或匿名性的潜在威胁，以及社会冲突和压迫的可能性。因此，研究者对某些可能导致此类后果的数据分享深感担忧。虽然许多或大多数受访者认为分享在道德上是正确的做法，但他们非常清楚具体情况的复杂性以及进行细致入微决策的必要性。大多数人认为，研究者应在决定是否分享以及分享什么方面发挥主要作用。因此，对于这些文化人类学家而言，归根结底，分享需要在分享的益处与不伤害研究对象的益处之间努力寻求平衡。
