Pretreatment patient characteristics related to the level and development of working alliance in long-term psychotherapy.

This study explored pretreatment patient characteristics associated with the level and growth of working alliance in therapies lasting up to 120 therapy sessions. The quality of working alliance was rated by both patients (N=201) and therapists (N=61) at Sessions 3, 12, and 20 and then at every 20th successive session. Patients reported that experience with good maternal care up to adolescence and better current interpersonal relationships were associated with positive ratings of working alliance throughout therapy. Higher global functioning was associated with growth of alliance over time. Higher levels of interpersonal problems of the cold/detached kind were associated with poorer early working alliance. On the other hand, this type of interpersonal problems was also associated with improvement of working alliance over time. Therapists' ratings of alliance were associated with patients' intrapsychic functioning. Implications for treatment and research are discussed.