Lanier Lewis L, Sun Joseph C
Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 May;9(5):302-3. doi: 10.1038/nri2547.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity? Traditionally, innate immunity was assumed to be rapid, “non-specific”, and identical qualitatively and quantitatively each time the same pathogen was encountered. Many of the innate immune cells are considered to be short-lived, for example the lifespan of a neutrophil is estimated to be a few hours or days, making “memory” a moot concept. Conversely, the hallmarks of adaptive (also referred to as acquired) immunity are considered to include the generation of long-lived, antigen-specific cells after initial exposure to an antigen or pathogen, and these cells respond faster and more robustly on subsequent encounters with the same antigen or pathogen. Adaptive immunity has previously been considered the exclusive domain of B cells and T cells; granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells have been delegated to the innate immune system, which also comprises epithelial cell barriers, complement, and anti-microbial peptides and other soluble factors.
先天性免疫和适应性免疫之间的区别是什么?传统上,先天性免疫被认为是快速的、“非特异性的”,并且每次遇到相同病原体时在质量和数量上都是相同的。许多先天性免疫细胞被认为寿命较短,例如中性粒细胞的寿命估计为几小时或几天,这使得“记忆”成为一个没有实际意义的概念。相反,适应性(也称为获得性)免疫的标志被认为包括在初次接触抗原或病原体后产生长寿的、抗原特异性细胞,并且这些细胞在随后遇到相同抗原或病原体时反应更快、更强烈。适应性免疫以前被认为是B细胞和T细胞的专属领域;粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞被归为先天性免疫系统,该系统还包括上皮细胞屏障、补体、抗菌肽和其他可溶性因子。