Webb P
J Nutr. 1991 Nov;121(11):1897-901. doi: 10.1093/jn/121.11.1897.
This is a brief account of the development of energy expenditure measurements, from speculations by early philosophers on the nature of the "innate fire," through the beginnings of quantitative animal calorimetry and to the combined material and energy balances of Rubner and of Atwater and Benedict, which established the science of nutritional energy. The equivalence of oxidation rate and heat loss led to the simplification of indirect calorimetry, followed by the era of studies of basal metabolic rate. Current practices are reviewed for measuring energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry (respiration chambers, ventilated hoods, doubly labeled water) and direct calorimetry (rooms, suits). Because problems remain in the exact account of energy balance during weight change, growth, pregnancy and exercise, perhaps it may be time to combine once again carbon balance with energy balance, using modern methods.
本文简要介绍了能量消耗测量的发展历程，从早期哲学家对“内火”本质的推测，到定量动物量热法的开端，再到鲁布纳以及阿特沃特和本尼迪克特的物质与能量综合平衡研究，这些研究奠定了营养能量科学的基础。氧化速率与热量损失的等效性使得间接量热法得以简化，随后进入了基础代谢率研究的时代。本文回顾了当前通过间接量热法（呼吸室、通风罩、双标记水）和直接量热法（房间、套装）测量能量消耗的实践方法。由于在体重变化、生长、怀孕和运动期间能量平衡的精确计算方面仍然存在问题，或许现在是时候利用现代方法再次将碳平衡与能量平衡结合起来了。
