de Voogt Pim, Laane Remi W P M
IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 2009 Aug;76(8):1067-74. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.029. Epub 2009 May 13.
Azaarones (oxidized derivatives of azaarenes) is a group of newly emerging chemical compounds. Little is known about their occurrence in the aquatic environment. Azaarenes are polycyclic aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing one nitrogen atom in one of the aromatic rings. The (photo) oxidized metabolites of the azaarenes are often more toxic than the parent compound. For the first time the concentration of seven azaarenes and seven primary metabolites have been measured in the surface sediments (fraction<63microm) of the Dutch coastal zone of the North Sea. Samples collected in 2000 and 2001 were analyzed using a newly developed method to determine the contents of azaarenes and azaarones simultaneously in a single GC-MS run. The concentrations of acridine, benz[a]acridine, benz[c]acridine and 5,6-benzoquinoline varied between 10-63, 3.9-25, 3.3-11 and 3.98-10.84ngg(-1), respectively. Concentrations of 7,8-benzoquinoline and phenanthridine were below the limit of detection. 2-Hydroxyquinoline and 5-hydroxyquinoline, probably metabolites of quinoline, were present in relatively high concentrations: 7.4-949 and 11-188ngg(-1). A gradient was observed with highest concentrations of the sum of azaarenes and the sum of the concentration of their metabolites close to the coast and lower concentrations further offshore. The concentrations of azaarenes and their metabolites are in the same order of magnitude as those found to induce phototoxicity to algae. The concentrations of mineral oil and PAHs in the surface sediments of the Dutch coastal zone of the North Sea were, at most locations, above the Dutch chemical targets for environmental protection. Spatial distribution of PAHs and mineral oil were slightly different from those of azaarenes and transformation products. Simultaneous GC-MS for azaarenes and their degradation products is possible but extraction/clean up can be further improved. Azaarenes as well as their primary metabolic products are present in the marine environment. In sediments the cumulative concentrations of transformation products amount to about four times the cumulative concentrations of the azaarenes. In conclusion, azaarenes and their metabolites constitute a new group of emerging polycyclic aromatic compounds which need more attention in the future.
氮杂蒽酮（氮杂芳烃的氧化衍生物）是一类新出现的化合物。人们对它们在水生环境中的存在情况知之甚少。氮杂芳烃是多环芳香杂环化合物，在其中一个芳香环中含有一个氮原子。氮杂芳烃的（光）氧化代谢物通常比母体化合物毒性更大。首次在北海荷兰海岸带的表层沉积物（粒径<63微米部分）中测定了七种氮杂芳烃和七种主要代谢物的浓度。使用一种新开发的方法对2000年和2001年采集的样本进行分析，以便在一次气相色谱 - 质谱联用分析中同时测定氮杂芳烃和氮杂蒽酮的含量。吖啶、苯并[a]吖啶、苯并[c]吖啶和5,6 - 苯并喹啉的浓度分别在10 - 63、3.9 - 25、3.3 - 11和3.98 - 10.84纳克/克之间。7,8 - 苯并喹啉和菲啶的浓度低于检测限。2 - 羟基喹啉和5 - 羟基喹啉可能是喹啉的代谢物以相对较高的浓度存在：7.4 - 949和11 - 188纳克/克。观察到一个梯度，靠近海岸处氮杂芳烃及其代谢物浓度总和最高，离岸越远浓度越低。氮杂芳烃及其代谢物的浓度与对藻类产生光毒性的浓度处于同一数量级。北海荷兰海岸带表层沉积物中矿物油和多环芳烃的浓度在大多数地点高于荷兰环境保护的化学指标。多环芳烃和矿物油的空间分布与氮杂芳烃及其转化产物略有不同。对氮杂芳烃及其降解产物进行同时气相色谱 - 质谱联用分析是可行的，但萃取/净化过程还可以进一步改进。氮杂芳烃及其主要代谢产物存在于海洋环境中。在沉积物中，转化产物的累积浓度约为氮杂芳烃累积浓度 的四倍。总之，氮杂芳烃及其代谢物构成了一类新出现的多环芳香化合物，未来需要更多关注。
