Thompson R F
University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles 90089-2520.
Neuropsychologia. 1991;29(6):571-82. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(91)90011-v.
Evidence supports the view that "memory traces" are formed in the hippocampus and in the cerebellum in classical conditioning of discrete behavioral responses (e.g. eyeblink conditioning). In the hippocampus, learning results in long-lasting increases in excitability of pyramidal neurons that appear to be localized to these neurons (i.e. changes in membrane properties and receptor function). However, these learning-altered pyramidal neurons are distributed widely throughout CA3 and CA1. Although it plays a key role in certain aspects of classical conditioning, the hippocampus is not necessary for learning and memory of the basic conditioned responses. The cerebellum and its associated brain stem circuitry, on the other hand, does appear to be essential (necessary and sufficient) for learning and memory of the conditioned response. Evidence to date is most consistent with a localized trace in the interpositus nucleus and multiple localized traces in cerebellar cortex, each involving relatively large ensembles of neurons. Perhaps "procedural" memory traces are relatively localized and "declarative" traces more widely distributed.
有证据支持这样一种观点，即在离散行为反应的经典条件反射（如眨眼条件反射）中，“记忆痕迹”在海马体和小脑中形成。在海马体中，学习会导致锥体细胞兴奋性的长期增加，这种增加似乎局限于这些细胞（即膜特性和受体功能的变化）。然而，这些因学习而改变的锥体细胞广泛分布于整个CA3和CA1区域。虽然海马体在经典条件反射的某些方面起着关键作用，但对于基本条件反应的学习和记忆而言，海马体并非必需。另一方面，小脑及其相关的脑干神经回路对于条件反应的学习和记忆似乎确实至关重要（既是必要的也是充分的）。迄今为止的证据最符合在间位核中有局部痕迹以及在小脑皮层中有多个局部痕迹的观点，每个痕迹都涉及相对大量的神经元群体。也许“程序性”记忆痕迹相对局部化，而“陈述性”痕迹分布更广泛。
