Goodson James L, Kabelik David
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009 Oct;30(4):429-441. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.007. Epub 2009 Jun 9.
Vertebrate animals exhibit a spectacular diversity of social behaviors, yet a variety of basic social behavior processes are essential to all species. These include social signaling; discrimination of conspecifics and sexual partners; appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors; aggression and dominance behaviors; and parental behaviors (the latter with rare exceptions). These behaviors are of fundamental importance and are regulated by an evolutionarily conserved, core social behavior network (SBN) of the limbic forebrain and midbrain. The SBN encodes social information in a highly dynamic, distributed manner, such that behavior is most strongly linked to the pattern of neural activity across the SBN, not the activity of single loci. Thus, shifts in the relative weighting of activity across SBN nodes can conceivably produce almost limitless variation in behavior, including diversity across species (as weighting is modified through evolution), across behavioral contexts (as weights change temporally) and across behavioral phenotypes (as weighting is specified through heritable and developmental processes). Individual neural loci may also express diverse relationships to behavior, depending upon temporal variations in their functional connectivity to other brain regions ("neural context"). We here review the basic properties of the SBN and show how behavioral variation relates to functional connectivity of the network, and discuss ways in which neuroendocrine factors adjust network activity to produce behavioral diversity. In addition to the actions of steroid hormones on SBN state, we examine the temporally plastic and evolutionarily labile properties of the nonapeptides (the vasopressin- and oxytocin-like neuropeptides), and show how variations in nonapeptide signaling within the SBN serve to promote behavioral diversity across social contexts, seasons, phenotypes and species. Although this diversity is daunting in its complexity, the search for common "organizing principles" has become increasingly fruitful. We focus on multiple aspects of behavior, including sexual behavior, aggression and affiliation, and in each of these areas, we show how broadly relevant insights have been obtained through the examination of behavioral diversity in a wide range of vertebrate taxa.
脊椎动物表现出惊人的社会行为多样性，但各种基本的社会行为过程对所有物种都是必不可少的。这些行为包括社会信号传递；同种个体和性伴侣的识别；求偶和性行为的完成；攻击和支配行为；以及亲代行为（后者极少数情况除外）。这些行为至关重要，并且受边缘前脑和中脑进化上保守的核心社会行为网络（SBN）调节。SBN以高度动态、分布式的方式编码社会信息，因此行为与整个SBN的神经活动模式最紧密相关，而非单个位点的活动。因此，可以想象SBN节点间活动相对权重的变化几乎能产生行为上无限的变化，包括物种间的多样性（随着进化改变权重）、行为背景间的多样性（随着时间改变权重）以及行为表型间的多样性（通过遗传和发育过程确定权重）。个体神经位点与行为的关系也可能多种多样，这取决于其与其他脑区功能连接的时间变化（“神经背景”）。我们在此回顾SBN的基本特性，并展示行为变化如何与网络的功能连接相关，还将讨论神经内分泌因子调节网络活动以产生行为多样性的方式。除了类固醇激素对SBN状态的作用，我们还研究了九肽（血管加压素和催产素样神经肽）的时间可塑性和进化上的易变性，并展示SBN内九肽信号的变化如何促进不同社会背景、季节、表型和物种间的行为多样性。尽管这种多样性在复杂性上令人望而生畏，但寻找共同的“组织原则”已越来越富有成果。我们关注行为的多个方面，包括性行为、攻击和依恋，在这些领域的每一个中，我们都展示了通过研究广泛脊椎动物类群中的行为多样性如何获得广泛相关的见解。
