种族主义与儿童健康：文献综述及未来方向
Racism and child health: a review of the literature and future directions.
作者信息
Pachter Lee M, Coll Cynthia García
机构信息
Department of Pediatrics and Anthropology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
出版信息
J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009 Jun;30(3):255-63. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181a7ed5a.
OBJECTIVE
Racism is a mechanism through which racial/ethnic disparities occur in child health. To assess the present state of research into the effects of racism on child health, a review of the literature was undertaken.
METHODS
A MEDLINE review of the literature was conducted between October and November 2007. Studies reporting on empirical research relating to racism or racial discrimination as a predictor or contributor to a child health outcome were included in this review. The definition of "child health" was broad and included behavioral, mental, and physical health.
RESULTS
Forty articles describing empirical research on racism and child health were found. Most studies (65%) reported on research performed on behavioral and mental health outcomes. Other areas studied included birth outcomes, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and satisfaction with care. Most research has been conducted on African-American samples (70%), on adolescents and on older children, and without a uniformly standardized approach to measuring racism. Furthermore, many studies used measures that were created for adult populations.
CONCLUSIONS
There are a limited number of studies evaluating the relationship between racism and child health. Most studies, to date, show relationships between perceived racism and behavioral and mental health. Future studies need to include more ethnically diverse minority groups and needs to consider studying the effects of racism in younger children. Instruments need to be developed that measure perceptions of racism in children and youth that take into account the unique contexts and developmental levels of children, as well as differences in the perception of racism in different ethnocultural groups. Furthermore, studies incorporating racism as a specific psychosocial stressor that can potentially have biophysiologic sequelae need to be conducted to understand the processes and mechanisms through which racism may contribute to child health disparities.
目的
种族主义是导致儿童健康方面出现种族/族裔差异的一种机制。为评估关于种族主义对儿童健康影响的研究现状，我们对相关文献进行了综述。
方法
于2007年10月至11月对MEDLINE数据库中的文献进行了检索。本综述纳入了那些报告将种族主义或种族歧视作为儿童健康结果的预测因素或影响因素的实证研究。“儿童健康”的定义较为宽泛，包括行为、心理和身体健康。
结果
共找到40篇描述种族主义与儿童健康实证研究的文章。大多数研究（65%）报告的是关于行为和心理健康结果的研究。其他研究领域包括出生结局、心血管和代谢疾病以及对医疗服务的满意度。大多数研究以非裔美国人样本（70%）、青少年和大龄儿童为研究对象，且在测量种族主义时没有统一的标准化方法。此外，许多研究使用的是为成年人群设计的测量方法。
结论
评估种族主义与儿童健康之间关系的研究数量有限。迄今为止，大多数研究表明感知到的种族主义与行为和心理健康之间存在关联。未来的研究需要纳入更多种族多样的少数群体，并需要考虑研究种族主义对年幼儿童的影响。需要开发能够测量儿童和青少年对种族主义的认知的工具，这些工具要考虑到儿童独特的背景和发育水平，以及不同种族文化群体对种族主义认知的差异。此外，需要开展将种族主义作为一种可能产生生物生理后果的特定心理社会应激源的研究，以了解种族主义可能导致儿童健康差异的过程和机制。
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