Millen Amy E, Tooze Janet A, Subar Amy F, Kahle Lisa L, Schatzkin Arthur, Krebs-Smith Susan M
School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8001, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Jul;109(7):1194-203. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.04.004.
Low-energy reporters (LERs) and non-LERs differ with respect to several characteristics, including self-reported intake of foods. Limited data exist regarding food intake difference between LERs and non-LERs identified using doubly labeled water (DLW).
In the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition Study (September 1999-March 2000), differences were examined between food group reports of LERs and non-LERs on a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (n=440).
LERs were identified using DLW. Responses of LERs (n=220) and non-LERs (n=220) for 43 food groups on the FFQ were examined in three ways: whether they reported consuming a food group (yes/no), how frequently they reported consuming it (times per day), and the reported portion size (small, medium, or large). Analyses were adjusted for total energy expenditure from DLW.
LERs, compared to non-LERs, were less likely to report consumption for one food group among women (soft drinks/regular). Among men, there was no difference between LERs and non-LERs with respect to reporting consumption of food groups. Reported mean daily frequency of consumption was lower among LERs compared with non-LERs for 23 food groups among women and 24 food groups among men (18 food groups were similar in men and women). In addition, reported mean portion sizes were smaller for LERs compared with non-LERs for six food groups among women and five food groups among men (three food groups were similar in men and women). Results varied minimally by sex and body mass index.
LERs, compared with non-LERs, were more likely to differ regarding their reported frequency of consumption of food groups than their reported consumption (yes/no) or portion size of food groups. Results did not vary greatly by sex or body mass index. It still remains unclear whether improvement in questionnaire design or additional tools or methods would lead to a decrease in differential reporting due to LER status on an FFQ.
低能量报告者（LERs）和非低能量报告者在多个特征方面存在差异，包括自我报告的食物摄入量。关于使用双标水（DLW）确定的LERs和非LERs之间食物摄入量差异的数据有限。
在观察蛋白质和能量营养研究（1999年9月至2000年3月）中，对440名参与者在食物频率问卷（FFQ）上的低能量报告者和非低能量报告者的食物组报告差异进行了研究。
使用DLW识别LERs。以三种方式检查了低能量报告者（n = 220）和非低能量报告者（n = 220）在FFQ上对43个食物组的回答：他们是否报告食用某食物组（是/否）、他们报告食用该食物组的频率（每天次数）以及报告的份量大小（小、中或大）。分析针对DLW得出的总能量消耗进行了调整。
与非低能量报告者相比，低能量报告者在女性中报告食用某一食物组（软饮料/常规）的可能性较小。在男性中，低能量报告者和非低能量报告者在报告食物组消费方面没有差异。在女性中，23个食物组以及在男性中24个食物组的报告日均消费频率在低能量报告者中低于非低能量报告者（18个食物组在男性和女性中相似）。此外，在女性中6个食物组以及在男性中5个食物组的报告平均份量大小在低能量报告者中比非低能量报告者小（3个食物组在男性和女性中相似）。结果在性别和体重指数方面差异最小。
与非低能量报告者相比，低能量报告者在报告食物组消费频率方面比报告消费情况（是/否）或食物组份量大小更有可能存在差异。结果在性别或体重指数方面变化不大。问卷设计的改进或其他工具或方法是否会减少因FFQ上的LER状态导致的差异报告仍不清楚。
