Chen She-Jun, Ma Yun-Juan, Wang Jing, Chen Da, Luo Xiao-Jun, Mai Bi-Xian
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Jun 1;43(11):4200-6. doi: 10.1021/es9004834.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were found in children's toys purchased from South China. The median BFR concentrations in the hard plastic toys were 53,000, 5540 ng/g, 101.1 ng/g, and 27.9 ng/g, fortotal PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBBs, respectively,which were notably higher than values in other toys. The PBDE concentrations were below the threshold limit (1000 ppm) required bythe European Commission's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives in all of the toys, except for one hard plastic toy with a total PBDE concentration of 5,344,000 ng/g. The BFR profiles in the toys were consistent with the patterns of their current production and consumption in China, where PBDEs, specifically decaBDE product, were the dominant BFR, followed by the emerging DBDPE. The relatively high concentrations of octa- and nonaBDEs in the foam toys and the results of principal component analysis (PCA) may suggest the decomposition of highly brominated BDEs during the manufacturing processes of the toys. Daily total PBDE exposures associated with toys via inhalation, mouthing, dermal contact, and oral ingestion ranged from 82.6 to 8992 pg/kg bw-day for children of 3 months to 14 years of age. Higher exposures, predominantly contributed through the mouthing pathway, were observed for infants and toddlers than for the other subgroups. In most cases, children's BFR exposure via the toys likely accounts for a small proportion of their daily BFR exposure, and the hazard quotients for noncancer risk evaluation were far below 1. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to examine the concentrations of BFRs in toys, and the potential exposures to children.
在中国南方购买的儿童玩具中发现了溴化阻燃剂（BFRs），包括多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）、1,2 - 双（2,4,6 - 三溴苯氧基）乙烷（BTBPE）、十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）和多溴联苯（PBBs）。硬塑料玩具中BFR的中位浓度分别为：总PBDEs为53,000 ng/g、DBDPE为5540 ng/g、BTBPE为101.1 ng/g、PBBs为27.9 ng/g，显著高于其他玩具中的含量。除了一个总PBDE浓度为5,344,000 ng/g的硬塑料玩具外，所有玩具中的PBDE浓度均低于欧盟委员会《有害物质限制》（RoHS）和《废弃电子电气设备》（WEEE）指令要求的阈值（1000 ppm）。玩具中的BFR分布与中国目前的生产和消费模式一致，其中PBDEs，特别是十溴二苯醚产品，是主要的BFR，其次是新兴的DBDPE。泡沫玩具中八溴和九溴二苯醚的相对高浓度以及主成分分析（PCA）结果可能表明在玩具制造过程中高溴化BDEs发生了分解。3个月至14岁儿童通过吸入、啃咬、皮肤接触和口服摄入玩具而导致的每日PBDE总暴露量在82.6至8992 pg/kg bw - 天之间。观察到婴儿和幼儿通过啃咬途径导致的暴露量高于其他亚组。在大多数情况下，儿童通过玩具接触BFR的量可能仅占其每日BFR接触量的一小部分，非致癌风险评估的危害商远低于1。据作者所知，这是第一项研究玩具中BFR浓度以及儿童潜在暴露情况的研究。
