Dolderer Mirjam, Mummendey Amélie, Rothermund Klaus
Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2009 Oct;35(10):1368-81. doi: 10.1177/0146167209339783. Epub 2009 Jul 8.
In 4 studies the authors compared the effect of exemplars that deviate from the prototype in one or the other direction while controlling for the absolute amount of deviance. Incongruent exemplars typically do not change a stereotype. Yet, it is unclear whether this is also the case with exemplars that are more extreme than the stereotype, named supercongruent hereafter. Within Study 1 the authors showed that supercongruent exemplars can be differentiated from congruent exemplars and that they are perceived as more typical than incongruent exemplars. Study 2 demonstrated that supercongruent exemplars increase the perceived differences between groups, while incongruent exemplars do not lead to a decrease. In Study 3, a supercongruent exemplar was generalized to the stereotype, while an incongruent exemplar did not affect the stereotype. Study 4 replicated this finding and excluded the alternative hypothesis that this effect is due to the greater extremity and thus diagnosticity of supercongruent information.
在4项研究中，作者比较了在控制偏差绝对量的同时，向一个或另一个方向偏离原型的范例的效果。不一致的范例通常不会改变刻板印象。然而，尚不清楚对于比刻板印象更极端的范例（以下称为超一致范例）是否也是如此。在研究1中，作者表明超一致范例可以与一致范例区分开来，并且它们被认为比不一致范例更具典型性。研究2表明，超一致范例增加了群体之间的感知差异，而不一致范例不会导致差异减少。在研究3中，一个超一致范例被推广到了刻板印象，而一个不一致范例没有影响刻板印象。研究4重复了这一发现，并排除了另一种假设，即这种效应是由于超一致信息的更大极端性以及因此更高的诊断性。
