Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
Environ Pollut. 2009 Dec;157(12):3314-24. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.029. Epub 2009 Jul 16.
Transport of pesticides from point of application via sub-surface drains can contribute significantly to contamination of surface waters. Results of 23 field drainage experiments undertaken at sites across Europe were collated and analysed by residual maximum likelihood. Both maximum concentration of pesticide in drainflow (n = 167) and seasonal loss of pesticide to drains (n = 97) were significantly related to strength of pesticide sorption to soil, half-life of the pesticide in soil, the interval between application and first drainflow and the clay content of the soil. The statistical models accounted for 71% of the variability in both maximum concentration and seasonal load. Next, the dataset was used to evaluate the current methodology for assessment of aquatic exposure used in pesticide registration in Europe. Simulations for seven compounds with contrasting properties showed a good correspondence with field measurements. Finally, the review examines management approaches to reduce pesticide transport via sub-surface drains. Despite a large amount of work in this area, there are few dependable mitigation options other than to change application rate or timing or to restrict use of a compound in the most vulnerable situations.
农药从施药点通过地下排水沟的迁移会对地表水污染造成重大影响。对欧洲各地开展的 23 项田间排水试验的结果进行了残差极大似然法分析。排水沟中农药的最大浓度（n=167）和农药在整个季节向排水沟中的流失量（n=97）均与农药在土壤中的吸附强度、在土壤中的半衰期、施药与第一次排水沟流之间的间隔以及土壤的粘粒含量显著相关。这些统计模型解释了最大浓度和季节负荷变化的 71%。接下来，该数据集被用于评估目前在欧洲农药登记中用于评估水生暴露的方法。对具有不同特性的七种化合物的模拟与田间测量结果非常吻合。最后，审查还探讨了减少农药通过地下排水沟迁移的管理方法。尽管在这一领域已经做了大量工作，但除了改变施药率或时间或在最脆弱的情况下限制化合物的使用之外，几乎没有可靠的缓解措施。
