Caldwell Brian P, Peters Derek M
Institute of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, United Kingdom.
J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Aug;23(5):1370-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a4e82f.
The purpose of this study was to investigate seasonal variations in physiological fitness of semiprofessional soccer players over a 12-month period. Thirteen male players were tested 5 times over a 12-month period using bioelectrical impedance, a 20-m multistage fitness test, countermovement standing vertical jump, 15-m sprint test, Illinois agility test, and sit and reach test. Significant deconditioning was apparent in all fitness variables from end of season one season to prepreseason training of the next season. Aerobic fitness, vertical jump, percent body fat, agility, and sprint performance improved from prepreseason to midseason. Significant decreases in aerobic fitness and the cessation of significant increases in vertical jump, sprint, and agility performance were shown from midseason onward. No differences between the fitness components at the end of season one and the end of season two were identified. The deconditioning apparent in all fitness parameters during the off season, together with progressive improvement in most from postpreseason to midseason would support these parameters as sport-specific fitness requirements. Such improvements suggest that the short-term demands of playing and training in the first half of the season develop fitness and these trends are similar to those for professional players. Body fat was also shown to be detrimental to sprint performance throughout the 12-month period. Further research is needed to identify if the plateau in fitness from midseason is the result of attaining the required level of fitness, fatigue, allied training, or even relative success. Enhancing off-season training may enable yearly fitness increases by at least maintaining fitness levels for the next year's preseason.
本研究的目的是调查半职业足球运动员在12个月期间生理健康状况的季节性变化。13名男性运动员在12个月内接受了5次测试，测试项目包括生物电阻抗、20米多级体能测试、反向移动立定垂直跳、15米短跑测试、伊利诺伊敏捷性测试和坐位体前屈测试。从一个赛季结束到下一个赛季季前训练前，所有体能变量均出现明显的体能下降。从季前训练到赛季中期，有氧适能、垂直跳、体脂百分比、敏捷性和短跑成绩均有所提高。从赛季中期开始，有氧适能显著下降，垂直跳、短跑和敏捷性成绩的显著增长也停止了。未发现第一个赛季结束时和第二个赛季结束时体能成分之间存在差异。休赛期所有体能参数均出现明显的体能下降，而从季前训练后到赛季中期大多数参数都有逐步改善，这将支持这些参数作为特定运动的体能要求。这些改善表明，赛季上半段比赛和训练的短期需求能够提升体能，且这些趋势与职业球员相似。在整个12个月期间，体脂也被证明对短跑成绩有不利影响。需要进一步研究以确定赛季中期体能达到平稳状态是由于达到了所需的体能水平、疲劳、相关训练，还是甚至是相对成功。加强休赛期训练可能通过至少维持下一年季前训练的体能水平来实现年度体能提升。
