Merten Michael J, Williams Amanda L, Shriver Lenka H
Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, 1111 Main Hall, 700 N. Greenwood Ave, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Aug;109(8):1384-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.008.
Breakfast consumption is often examined when researching adolescent dietary intakes and overall health. However, fewer studies have examined the relationship between breakfast and obesity, particularly over time and in relation to weight outcomes in young adulthood. In addition, little is known about contextual factors influencing the likelihood of adolescents consuming breakfast on a regular basis.
The present study assessed individuals' breakfast consumption patterns and obesity status during adolescence and young adulthood. Analyses included the context in which breakfast consumption took place, specifically community and family factors.
Participants' breakfast consumption patterns and obesity status were assessed at two developmental time points--adolescence (Wave 2) and young adulthood (Wave 3). Community disadvantage, family poverty, race, sex, and a parent's morning presence in the home, were examined for association with breakfast consumption.
SUBJECTS/SETTING: Data used in this study (n=7,788) were derived from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative study of adolescents. Data were collected as follows: Wave 1 (September 1994 to April 1995), Wave 2 (April 1996 to August 1996), and Wave 3 (August 2001 to April 2002). The final sample ranged in age from 12 to 19 years during Wave 2 and 18 to 26 years during Wave 3.
Multilevel random intercept regression models were used to examine the association between community, parental, and individual predictors on adolescent and young adult weight outcomes.
Adolescent regular breakfast consumption significantly predicted young adult regular breakfast consumption (P<0.001) and an important factor associated with adolescents eating breakfast was having at least one parent home in the morning. Regular consumption during both developmental periods provided considerable protection from obesity during adolescence and young adulthood (ie, chronic obesity). Residing in disadvantaged communities decreased the odds adolescents would eat breakfast during adolescence and increased their chances for chronic obesity. African Americans were less likely to eat breakfast during adolescence and young adulthood, while also being at greater risk for chronic obesity compared to whites.
Results indicate that low-income youth in disadvantaged communities, especially African Americans, should be specifically targeted for nutrition interventions related to breakfast consumption. In addition, parental promotion of breakfast at home and/or engagement with schools to develop or strengthen school-based breakfast programs may be a powerful addition to nutrition interventions for youth at risk for lifelong struggles with obesity and other nutrition-related problems.
在研究青少年饮食摄入和整体健康状况时，经常会考察早餐的食用情况。然而，较少有研究探讨早餐与肥胖之间的关系，尤其是随着时间推移以及与青年期体重结果的关系。此外，对于影响青少年经常食用早餐可能性的背景因素知之甚少。
本研究评估了个体在青少年期和青年期的早餐食用模式及肥胖状况。分析包括早餐食用发生的背景，特别是社区和家庭因素。
在两个发育时间点——青少年期（第2波）和青年期（第3波）——评估参与者的早餐食用模式和肥胖状况。考察社区劣势、家庭贫困、种族、性别以及父母一方早晨是否在家与早餐食用之间的关联。
研究对象/研究背景：本研究使用的数据（n = 7788）来自青少年健康全国纵向研究，这是一项具有全国代表性的青少年研究。数据收集情况如下：第1波（1994年9月至1995年4月）、第2波（1996年4月至1996年8月）和第3波（2001年8月至2002年4月）。最终样本在第2波时年龄范围为12至19岁，在第3波时年龄范围为18至26岁。
使用多水平随机截距回归模型来考察社区、父母及个体预测因素与青少年和青年期体重结果之间的关联。
青少年经常食用早餐能显著预测青年期经常食用早餐（P < 0.001），且与青少年吃早餐相关的一个重要因素是早晨至少有一位家长在家。在两个发育阶段经常食用早餐能为青少年期和青年期预防肥胖（即慢性肥胖）提供相当大的保护。生活在弱势社区会降低青少年在青少年期吃早餐的几率，并增加他们患慢性肥胖的可能性。非裔美国人在青少年期和青年期吃早餐的可能性较小，而且与白人相比，患慢性肥胖的风险也更高。
结果表明，弱势社区中的低收入青年，尤其是非裔美国人，应成为与早餐食用相关营养干预的特定目标人群。此外，父母在家中对早餐的推广和/或与学校合作制定或加强基于学校的早餐计划，可能会有力地补充针对有肥胖及其他营养相关问题终身困扰风险的青少年的营养干预措施。
