Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Oct;395(4):921-46. doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-2920-8. Epub 2009 Jul 25.
Antibiotics are a class of pharmaceuticals that are of great interest due to the large volumes of these substances that are consumed in both human and veterinary medicine, and due to their status as the agents responsible for bacterial resistance. They can be present in foodstuffs and in environmental samples as multicomponent chemical mixtures that exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action. Moreover, they can be transformed into different metabolites by the action of microorganisms, as well as by other physical or chemical means, resulting in mixtures with higher ecotoxicities and risks to human health than those of the individual compounds. Therefore, there is growing interest in the availability of multiclass methods for the analysis of antimicrobial mixtures in environmental and food samples at very low concentrations. Liquid chromatography (LC) has become the technique of choice for multiclass analysis, especially when coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and tandem MS (LC-MS(2)). However, due to the complexity of the matrix, in most cases an extraction step for sample clean-up and preconcentration is required before analysis in order to achieve the required sensitivities. This paper reviews the most recent developments and applications of multiclass antimicrobial determination in environmental and food matrices, emphasizing the practical aspects of sample preparation for the simultaneous extraction of antimicrobials from the selected samples. Future trends in the application of LC-MS-based techniques to multiclass antibiotic analysis are also presented.
抗生素是一类非常重要的药物，因为在人类和兽医医学中都大量使用这些物质，而且它们是导致细菌耐药性的原因。抗生素可以作为化学混合物存在于食品和环境样本中，具有广泛的作用机制。此外，它们可以通过微生物的作用以及其他物理或化学手段转化为不同的代谢物，导致混合物的生态毒性和对人类健康的风险比单个化合物更高。因此，人们越来越关注在非常低的浓度下分析环境和食品样本中抗菌混合物的多类方法的可用性。液相色谱 (LC) 已成为多类分析的首选技术，尤其是与质谱 (LC-MS) 和串联质谱 (LC-MS(2)) 结合使用时。然而，由于基质的复杂性，在大多数情况下，为了达到所需的灵敏度，在分析之前需要进行样品净化和预浓缩的提取步骤。本文综述了环境和食品基质中多类抗菌药物测定的最新进展和应用，强调了从选定样品中同时提取抗菌药物的样品制备的实际方面。还介绍了基于 LC-MS 技术在多类抗生素分析中的应用的未来趋势。
