Ekwanzala Mutshiene Deogratias, Lehutso Raisibe Florence, Kasonga Teddy Kabeya, Dewar John Barr, Momba Maggy Ndombo Benteke
Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
Water Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Jul 21;9(7):431. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9070431.
The environmental dissemination of selected antibiotics from hospital wastewater into municipal wastewater and lastly to a receiving water body was investigated. Selected antibiotics (azithromycin (AZM), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin (CDM), doxycycline (DXC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)) present in effluents of academic hospital wastewater, influents, sewage sludge, and effluents of municipal wastewater, receiving water, and its benthic sediment samples were quantified using the Acquity Waters Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography System hyphenated with a Waters Synapt G2 coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The overall results showed that all assessed antibiotics were found in all matrices. For solid matrices, river sediment samples had elevated concentrations with mean concentrations of 34,834, 35,623, 50,913, 55,263, and 41,781 ng/g for AZM, CIP, CDM, DXC, and SMZ, respectively, whereas for liquid samples, hospital wastewater and influent of wastewater had the highest concentrations. The lowest concentrations were observed in river water, with mean concentrations of 11, 97, 15, and 123 ng/L, except for CDM, which was 18 ng/L in the effluent of wastewater. The results showed that the highest percentages of antibiotics removed was SMZ with 90%, followed by DXC, AZM and CIP with a removal efficiency of 85%, 83%, and 83%, respectively. The antibiotic that showed the lowest removal percentage was CDM with 66%. However, the calculated environmental dissemination analysis through the use of mass load calculations revealed daily release of 15,486, 14,934, 1526, 922, and 680 mg/d for SMZ, CIP, AZM, DXC, and CDM, respectively, indicating a substantial release of selected antibiotics from wastewater to the river system, where they are possibly adsorbed in the river sediment. Further research into the efficient removal of antibiotics from wastewater and the identification of antibiotic sources in river sediment is needed.
研究了医院废水中选定抗生素向城市污水的环境扩散，以及最终向受纳水体的扩散情况。使用沃特世超高效液相色谱系统与沃特世Synapt G2联用的四极杆飞行时间质谱仪，对学术医院废水、进水、污水污泥、城市废水、受纳水体及其底栖沉积物样品中的选定抗生素（阿奇霉素（AZM）、环丙沙星（CIP）、克林霉素（CDM）、强力霉素（DXC）和磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ））进行了定量分析。总体结果表明，在所有基质中均检测到了所有评估的抗生素。对于固体基质，河流沉积物样品中抗生素浓度较高，AZM、CIP、CDM、DXC和SMZ的平均浓度分别为34,834、35,623、50,913、55,263和41,781 ng/g；而对于液体样品，医院废水和污水进水的浓度最高。河水中的浓度最低，平均浓度分别为11、97、15和123 ng/L，但CDM除外，其在污水中的浓度为18 ng/L。结果表明，去除率最高的抗生素是SMZ，为90%，其次是DXC、AZM和CIP，去除效率分别为85%、83%和83%。去除率最低的抗生素是CDM，为66%。然而，通过质量负荷计算得出的环境扩散分析表明，SMZ、CIP、AZM、DXC和CDM的日排放量分别为15,486、14,934、1526、922和680 mg/d，这表明选定的抗生素从废水大量排放到河流系统中，并可能吸附在河流沉积物中。需要进一步研究如何高效去除废水中的抗生素以及确定河流沉积物中抗生素的来源。
