Lammers Joris, Stapel Diederik A
Tilburg Institute of Behavioral Economics Research (TIBER), Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009 Aug;97(2):279-89. doi: 10.1037/a0015437.
The authors conducted 5 studies to test the idea that both thinking about and having power affects the way in which people resolve moral dilemmas. It is shown that high power increases the use of rule-based (deontological) moral thinking styles, whereas low power increases reliance on outcome-based (consequentialist) moral thinking. Stated differently, in determining whether an act is right or wrong, the powerful focus on whether rules and principles are violated, whereas the powerless focus on the consequences. For this reason, the powerful are also more inclined to stick to the rules, irrespective of whether this has positive or negative effects, whereas the powerless are more inclined to make exceptions. The first 3 experiments show that thinking about power increases rule-based thinking and decreases outcome-based thinking in participants' moral decision making. A 4th experiment shows the mediating role of moral orientation in the effect of power on moral decisions. The 5th experiment demonstrates the role of self-interest by showing that the power-moral link is reversed when rule-based decisions threaten participants' own self-interests.
作者进行了5项研究，以检验这样一种观点：思考权力和拥有权力都会影响人们解决道德困境的方式。研究表明，高权力会增加基于规则（道义论）的道德思维方式的使用，而低权力则会增加对基于结果（结果主义）的道德思维的依赖。换句话说，在判断一个行为是对还是错时，有权势的人关注的是规则和原则是否被违反，而无权势的人关注的是后果。因此，有权势的人也更倾向于坚持规则，无论这会产生正面还是负面影响，而无权势的人则更倾向于破例。前3项实验表明，思考权力会增加参与者在道德决策中基于规则的思考，减少基于结果的思考。第4项实验表明了道德取向在权力对道德决策影响中的中介作用。第5项实验通过表明当基于规则的决策威胁到参与者自身利益时权力与道德的联系会逆转，证明了自我利益的作用。
