Luhmann Maike, Eid Michael
Department of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009 Aug;97(2):363-81. doi: 10.1037/a0015809.
Unemployment, divorce, and marriage are common life events for most people in Western societies. In a longitudinal study, the authors investigated how these life events affect life satisfaction when they occur repeatedly. Data came from the German Socio-Economic Panel, a large-scale representative panel study, and were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Results showed that, in general, life satisfaction decreases with repeated unemployment (sensitization). For repeated divorces, life satisfaction is higher at the second divorce than it had been at the first divorce (adaptation). Finally, life satisfaction is similar at repeated marriages. Neuroticism, extraversion, and gender accounted for interindividual differences in changes in life satisfaction. For instance, the general sensitization pattern associated with repeated unemployment was less pronounced for women. The authors also found main effects of age and the duration of the first event on general differences in life satisfaction. Finally, those with repeated events generally report lower life satisfaction than those with only one occasion of these events, even before the first event actually occurred. Findings show that repeated events can have very different effects on life satisfaction that depend on the nature of the event.
失业、离婚和结婚对西方社会的大多数人来说都是常见的生活事件。在一项纵向研究中，作者调查了这些生活事件反复发生时如何影响生活满意度。数据来自德国社会经济面板，这是一项大规模的代表性面板研究，并使用多层次模型进行了分析。结果表明，总体而言，生活满意度会随着失业次数的增加而下降（敏感化）。对于反复离婚的情况，第二次离婚时的生活满意度高于第一次离婚时（适应）。最后，多次结婚时的生活满意度相似。神经质、外向性和性别解释了生活满意度变化中的个体差异。例如，与反复失业相关的一般敏感化模式在女性中不太明显。作者还发现年龄和首次事件持续时间对生活满意度的总体差异有主要影响。最后，即使在首次事件实际发生之前，经历过多次这些事件的人通常比只经历过一次这些事件的人报告的生活满意度更低。研究结果表明，反复发生的事件对生活满意度可能有非常不同的影响，这取决于事件的性质。
