Fent Kenneth W, Trelles Gaines Linda G, Thomasen Jennifer M, Flack Sheila L, Ding Kai, Herring Amy H, Whittaker Stephen G, Nylander-French Leena A
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Ann Occup Hyg. 2009 Oct;53(7):691-702. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mep048. Epub 2009 Jul 27.
We conducted a quantitative dermal and inhalation exposure assessment of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanates (HDI) in 47 automotive spray painters from North Carolina and Washington State. We report here the use of linear mixed modeling (LMM) to identify the primary determinants of dermal exposure. Dermal concentrations of HDI, uretidone, biuret, and isocyanurate were significantly higher in 15 painters who did not wear coveralls or gloves (N = 51 paint tasks) than in 32 painters who did wear coveralls and gloves (N = 192 paint tasks) during spray painting. Regardless of whether protective clothing was worn, isocyanurate was the predominant species measured in the skin [geometric mean (GM) = 33.8 ng mm(-3)], with a 95% detection rate. Other polyisocyanates (GM < or = 0.17 ng mm(-3)) were detected in skin during <23% of the paint tasks. According to marginal R(2) statistics, mixed models generated in this study described no <36% of the variability in dermal concentrations of the different polyisocyanates measured in painters who did not wear protective clothing. These models also described 55% of the variability in dermal concentrations of isocyanurate measured in all painters (N = 288 paint tasks). The product of analyte-specific breathing-zone concentration (BZC) and paint time was the most significant variable in all the models. Through LMM, a better understanding of the exposure pathways governing individual polyisocyanate exposures may be achieved. In particular, we were able to establish a link between BZC and dermal concentration, which may be useful for exposure reconstruction and quantitatively characterizing the protective effect of coveralls and gloves. This information can be used to reduce dermal exposures and better protect automotive spray painters from potential adverse health effects.
我们对来自北卡罗来纳州和华盛顿州的47名汽车喷漆工进行了单体和聚合态1,6 - 六亚甲基二异氰酸酯（HDI）的皮肤和吸入暴露定量评估。我们在此报告使用线性混合模型（LMM）来确定皮肤暴露的主要决定因素。在15名未穿工作服或手套的喷漆工（共51次喷漆任务）中，皮肤中HDI、脲酮、缩二脲和异氰脲酸酯的浓度显著高于32名在喷漆过程中穿工作服和戴手套的喷漆工（共192次喷漆任务）。无论是否穿着防护服，异氰脲酸酯都是皮肤中检测到的主要成分[几何均值（GM）= 33.8 ng·mm⁻³]，检出率为95%。在不到23%的喷漆任务中，皮肤中检测到其他多异氰酸酯（GM≤0.17 ng·mm⁻³））。根据边际R²统计，本研究生成的混合模型描述了未穿防护服的喷漆工中不同多异氰酸酯皮肤浓度变异性的比例不低于36%。这些模型还描述了所有喷漆工（共288次喷漆任务）中异氰脲酸酯皮肤浓度变异性的55%。分析物特异性呼吸区浓度（BZC）与喷漆时间的乘积是所有模型中最显著的变量。通过LMM，可以更好地理解控制个体多异氰酸酯暴露的暴露途径。特别是，我们能够建立BZC与皮肤浓度之间的联系，这可能有助于暴露重建以及定量表征工作服和手套的防护效果。这些信息可用于减少皮肤暴露，并更好地保护汽车喷漆工免受潜在的不良健康影响。
