Pronk A, Yu F, Vlaanderen J, Tielemans E, Preller L, Bobeldijk I, Deddens J A, Latza U, Baur X, Heederik D
Risk Assessment in the Work Environment, Food & Chemical Risk Analysis, TNO Quality of Life and IRAS, Netherlands.
Occup Environ Med. 2006 Sep;63(9):624-31. doi: 10.1136/oem.2005.023226. Epub 2006 May 25.
To study inhalation and dermal exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and its oligomers as well as personal protection equipment (PPE) use during task performance in conjunction with urinary hexamethylene diamine (HDA) in car body repair shop workers and industrial spray painters.
Personal task based inhalation samples (n = 95) were collected from six car body repair shops and five industrial painting companies using impingers with di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene. In parallel, dermal exposure was assessed using nitril rubber gloves. Gloves were submerged into DBA in toluene after sampling. Analysis for HDI and its oligomers was performed by LC-MS/MS. Urine samples were collected from 55 workers (n = 291) and analysed for HDA by GC-MS.
Inhalation exposure was strongly associated with tasks during which aerosolisation occurs. Dermal exposure occurred during tasks that involve direct handling of paint. In car body repair shops associations were found between detectable dermal exposure and glove use (odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09 to 0.57) and inhalation exposure level (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.84 for a 10-fold increase). HDA in urine could be demonstrated in 36% and 10% of car body repair shop workers and industrial painting company workers respectively. In car body repair shops, the frequency of detectable HDA was significantly elevated at the end of the working day (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 4.22 for 3-6 pm v 0-8 am). In both branches HDA was detected in urine of approximately 25% of the spray painters. In addition HDA was detected in urine of a large proportion of non-spray painters in car body repair shops.
Although (spray) painting with lacquers containing isocyanate hardeners results in the highest external exposures to HDI and oligomers, workers that do not perform paint related tasks may also receive a considerable internal dose.
研究汽车车身修理店工人和工业喷漆工在工作过程中六亚甲基二异氰酸酯（HDI）及其低聚物的吸入和皮肤接触情况，以及个人防护装备（PPE）的使用情况，并结合尿中六亚甲基二胺（HDA）进行分析。
从6家汽车车身修理店和5家工业喷漆公司，使用装有甲苯中二正丁胺（DBA）的冲击式采样器，基于个人任务采集吸入样本（n = 95）。同时，使用丁腈橡胶手套评估皮肤接触情况。采样后将手套浸入甲苯中的DBA中。通过液相色谱 - 串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）分析HDI及其低聚物。从55名工人（n = 291）采集尿液样本，通过气相色谱 - 质谱法（GC-MS）分析HDA。
吸入暴露与发生雾化的任务密切相关。皮肤接触发生在涉及直接处理油漆的任务中。在汽车车身修理店，可检测到的皮肤接触与手套使用之间存在关联（优势比（OR）0.22，95%置信区间（CI）0.09至0.57），以及吸入暴露水平（吸入暴露水平每增加10倍，OR为1.34，95%CI 0.97至1.84）。汽车车身修理店工人和工业喷漆公司工人中，分别有36%和10%的人尿中可检测到HDA。在汽车车身修理店，工作日结束时可检测到HDA的频率显著升高（下午3 - 6点相对于上午0 - 8点，OR 2.13，95%CI 1.07至4.22）。在两个行业中，约25%的喷漆工尿中检测到HDA。此外，在汽车车身修理店的很大一部分非喷漆工尿中也检测到HDA。
尽管使用含异氰酸酯固化剂的漆进行（喷漆）作业会导致最高的HDI及其低聚物外部暴露，但不从事与油漆相关任务的工人也可能摄入相当剂量的有害物质。
