Reverter-Masía Joaquín, Legaz-Arrese Alejandro, Munguía-Izquierdo Diego, Barbany Joan Ramón, Serrano-Ostáriz Enrique
Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Aug;23(5):1537-47.
This study describes the results of a survey of the resistance training practices of the following Spanish sports teams: soccer and basketball professional leagues, and top-division leagues for handball, volleyball, indoor soccer, and field hockey. The response rate was 81.8% (77 of 94). This survey examines (a) strength and conditioning (S&C) coach profiles, (b) resistance training exercises, (c) resistance training load, (d) repetition velocity, and (e) training leading to muscle failure. The results indicate that 80.5% of coaches held a university degree, with 22% holding a master's degrees, 40% held National Federation certification, and none held Strength and Conditioning Specialist certification. Respondents relied on nonscientific sources of information to develop their conditioning programs. Fifty-eight percent of the S&C coaches were hired full time, with 18% performing the duties of a first trainer. Many S&C coaches did not use weightlifting (54%), full squat (51%), load squat jump (35%), or bench press throw (100%) exercises. Thirty-eight percent of respondents did not control the load intensity or did not use a load of 50-90% of 1 repetition maximum. For these load intensities, 70% did not perform the combination of maximum repetition velocity and nonmuscular failure. More significant deficiencies in the fundamental principles of resistance training were observed in indoor soccer, soccer, field hockey, and among lower performing handball and basketball teams. These results indicate that the profile of the S&C coaches in the Spanish teams is insufficient for an optimal application of resistance training. Spanish S&C coaches should therefore take advantage of advances made through scientific research in the area of strength and conditioning by acquiring master's degrees and specific certificates and consulting peer-reviewer journals.
足球和篮球职业联赛，以及手球、排球、室内足球和曲棍球顶级联赛。回复率为81.8%（94份中的77份）。本次调查考察了：（a）体能教练概况；（b）抗阻训练练习；（c）抗阻训练负荷；（d）重复速度；以及（e）导致肌肉疲劳的训练。结果表明，80.5%的教练拥有大学学位，其中22%拥有硕士学位，40%拥有国家联合会认证，无人拥有体能训练专家认证。受访者依靠非科学信息来源制定他们的体能训练计划。58%的体能教练为全职聘用，18%履行第一教练的职责。许多体能教练不使用举重（54%）、全蹲（51%）、负重深蹲跳（35%）或卧推投掷（100%）练习。38%的受访者不控制负荷强度，或不使用1次最大重复量50 - 90%的负荷。对于这些负荷强度，70%的人没有将最大重复速度与非肌肉疲劳相结合。在室内足球、足球、曲棍球以及表现较差的手球和篮球队中，观察到抗阻训练基本原则方面存在更显著的不足。这些结果表明，西班牙球队体能教练的概况不足以实现抗阻训练的最佳应用。因此，西班牙体能教练应通过获得硕士学位和特定证书并查阅同行评审期刊，利用体能训练领域科学研究取得的进展。
