Boina Dhana Raj, Meyer Wendy L, Onagbola Ebenezer O, Stelinski Lukasz L
Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
Environ Entomol. 2009 Aug;38(4):1250-8. doi: 10.1603/022.038.0436.
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is an important pest of citrus. It is an efficient vector of three bacterial pathogens that are the presumptive causal agents of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. The movement patterns and dispersal capabilities of D. citri require study to better understand the spread of HLB and to improve management strategies for D. citri. A recently developed immunomarking technique that uses crude food proteins (chicken egg albumin, bovine casein, and soy protein) was evaluated for marking and tracking movement of D. citri in Florida citrus groves. In general, both egg and milk protein markers exhibited longer residual activity (35 d) than the soy protein marker (20 d) when applied to citrus leaves with a residual activity order of egg > milk > soy protein. However, residues of all three protein markers decreased with a simulated rain; this was more pronounced for soy protein than for egg and milk proteins. Temperature did not significantly affect acquisition of markers by adult D. citri. Egg, milk, and soy protein markers were detected on >90% of adult D. citri for up to 10, 10, and 5 d, respectively, after field application. Addition of tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (water softener) and/or Silwet L-77 (wetting agent) to marker solutions did not affect longevity of detection. Each of the protein markers was detected on > or =80% of exposed D. citri for up to 30 d after direct application to adults. A field study was conducted to measure movement of D. citri between replicated pairs of 0.4 ha managed and unmanaged citrus plots separated by 60-100 m. Approximately 70% of captured D. citri were found marked 3 d after application of proteins in the field. Using two marker proteins, it was determined that D. citri moved bi-directionally between managed and unmanaged (abandoned) groves within 3 d with a greater number of D. citri adults moving from unmanaged into managed plots than from managed into unmanaged plots (net movement). These data indicate frequent movement by adult D. citri between groves and suggest that unmanaged groves may act as refuge sites for D citri, leading to reinfestation of nearby managed groves.
柑橘木虱（半翅目：木虱科）是柑橘的一种重要害虫。它是三种细菌病原体的高效传播媒介，这些病原体被认为是黄龙病（HLB）或柑橘黄龙病的致病因子。需要研究柑橘木虱的移动模式和扩散能力，以便更好地了解黄龙病的传播，并改进对柑橘木虱的管理策略。对一种最近开发的免疫标记技术进行了评估，该技术使用粗制食物蛋白（鸡蛋白、牛酪蛋白和大豆蛋白）来标记和追踪佛罗里达州柑橘园中柑橘木虱的移动。一般来说，当将蛋和乳蛋白标记物施用于柑橘叶片时，它们的残留活性（35天）都比大豆蛋白标记物（20天）长，残留活性顺序为蛋＞乳＞大豆蛋白。然而，在模拟降雨后，所有三种蛋白标记物的残留量都会下降；大豆蛋白的下降比蛋和乳蛋白更明显。温度对成年柑橘木虱获取标记物没有显著影响。在田间施用后，分别在高达10天、10天和5天的时间里，在超过90%的成年柑橘木虱上检测到了蛋、乳和大豆蛋白标记物。向标记溶液中添加乙二胺四乙酸四钠（软水剂）和/或Silwet L - 77（湿润剂）不会影响检测的持续时间。在直接施用于成虫后，在长达30天的时间里，在≥80%暴露的柑橘木虱上检测到了每种蛋白标记物。进行了一项田间研究，以测量柑橘木虱在面积为0.4公顷、相距60 - 100米的重复管理和未管理柑橘地块对之间的移动情况。在田间施用蛋白3天后，发现捕获的柑橘木虱中约70%带有标记。使用两种标记蛋白确定，柑橘木虱在3天内会在管理和未管理（废弃）果园之间双向移动，从未管理果园迁入管理地块的成年柑橘木虱数量比从管理地块迁入未管理地块的更多（净移动）。这些数据表明成年柑橘木虱在果园之间频繁移动，并表明未管理的果园可能是柑橘木虱的避难所，导致附近管理果园再次受到侵染。
