Institute of Neuroscience, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council CNR, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria of Monserrato, Italy.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Dec;34 Suppl 1:S227-36. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.008.
Many studies have provided evidence for important sex-dependent differences in the origins, outcomes and treatment of drug abuse and dependence. Preclinical studies typically have employed animal models of addiction, such as oral or intravenous self-administration, to untangle the environmental, neurobiological and genetic factors that contribute to the shift from occasional, recreational use to compulsive, uncontrolled intake of drugs. Craving and relapse of drug seeking in abstinent individuals have also been found to differ between men and women. Identification of the neurobiological basis of craving and drug dependence continues to pose a challenge to addiction research. Significant sex differences are emerging in substance-abuse-related behavior, which has increased the demand for research on how drug consumption may have different causes, progression and consequences in men and women. In keeping with epidemiological data in humans, differences between the two sexes in drug seeking and intake have been well-documented in animal studies, with most recent findings related to abuse of cannabinoids. Clinical and preclinical findings indicate that sex and gonadal hormones may account for individual differences in susceptibility to the reinforcing effects of addictive substances, and that differences in vulnerability to drug abuse may be mediated by the same biological mechanisms. This review focuses on the differences between males and females in relation to drug self-administration and how such behavior may be affected by hormonal status.
许多研究为药物滥用和依赖的起源、结果和治疗中的重要性别差异提供了证据。临床前研究通常采用动物成瘾模型，如口服或静脉自我给药，以理清导致偶尔、娱乐性使用转变为强迫性、无法控制的药物摄入的环境、神经生物学和遗传因素。在禁欲个体中，对药物的渴望和复发也被发现存在性别差异。识别渴望和药物依赖的神经生物学基础仍然是成瘾研究的一个挑战。在物质滥用相关行为中出现了显著的性别差异，这增加了对男性和女性中药物消费可能有不同原因、进展和后果的研究需求。与人类的流行病学数据一致，动物研究中也充分记录了两性在药物寻求和摄入方面的差异，最近的发现与大麻素滥用有关。临床前和临床研究结果表明，性别和性腺激素可能解释了对成瘾物质的强化作用的个体易感性差异，而对药物滥用的易感性差异可能是由相同的生物学机制介导的。这篇综述重点关注了男性和女性在药物自我给药方面的差异，以及这种行为如何受到激素状态的影响。
