Osterauer Raphaela, Haus Nadine, Sures Bernd, Köhler Heinz-R
Animal Physiological Ecology Department, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.
Chemosphere. 2009 Nov;77(7):975-82. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.033. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
Platinum group elements (PGEs), platinum, palladium and rhodium are widely used in automobile catalytic converters. PGEs are emitted into the environment and enter the aquatic ecosystem via runoff rainwater. The present study investigated the bioavailability of platinum chloride for the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the ramshorn snail (Marisa cornuarietis) and determined the bioaccumulation rate of platinum. Applying the fish early life stage assay for D. rerio (DarT) and the Marisa embryo toxicity test ("Mariett") for M. cornuarietis, effects of platinum chloride on the embryonic development were investigated. Platinum concentrations tested in this study ranged from environmentally relevant concentrations of 38 ng L(-1) up to a concentration of 74.2 microg L(-1) for D. rerio and of 200 ngL(-1) up to 98.7 microg L(-1) for M. cornuarietis. Platinum was found to be accumulated in both organisms. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were in the range of 5-55 for D. rerio and of 218.4-723.9 for M. cornuarietis, depending on the tested Pt concentrations. During the embryonic development, platinum was shown to alter the heart rate of both organisms already at the lowest tested concentration. At higher concentrations, platinum decelerated the hatching rate of the embryos of both species. Additionally, a retardation of the general development and a loss of weight due to platinum exposure was observed in M. cornuarietis. Results of this study contribute important data on the ecotoxicity of a rarely studied element.
铂族元素（PGEs），即铂、钯和铑，广泛应用于汽车催化转化器中。铂族元素排放到环境中，并通过雨水径流进入水生生态系统。本研究调查了氯化铂对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）和福寿螺（Marisa cornuarietis）的生物有效性，并测定了铂的生物累积率。应用斑马鱼早期生命阶段试验（DarT）和福寿螺胚胎毒性试验（“Mariett”），研究了氯化铂对胚胎发育的影响。本研究中测试的铂浓度范围为，与环境相关的浓度，斑马鱼为38 ng L(-1)至74.2 μg L(-1)，福寿螺为200 ngL(-1)至98.7 μg L(-1)。发现铂在两种生物体内均有累积。生物累积因子（BAFs），斑马鱼在5 - 55范围内，福寿螺在218.4 - 723.9范围内，具体取决于测试的铂浓度。在胚胎发育过程中，已表明铂在最低测试浓度时就会改变两种生物的心率。在较高浓度下，铂会降低两种物种胚胎的孵化率。此外，在福寿螺中观察到由于铂暴露导致的总体发育迟缓以及体重减轻。本研究结果为一种研究较少的元素的生态毒性提供了重要数据。
