Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
J Exp Med. 1919 Jul 1;30(1):13-29. doi: 10.1084/jem.30.1.13.
By the employment of methods designed to promote the growth both of aerobic and anaerobic organisms, particularly those belonging to the class of spirochetes, it was possible to obtain a pure culture of a delicate organism, the morphological features of which place it in the genus Leptospira. On three occasions, that is, from three out of eleven cases of yellow fever, the organism was directly cultivated. These three strains were found to induce the characteristic symptoms and lesions when tested on guinea pigs. The organism was designated Leptospira icteroides. Leptospira icteroides was also obtained in pure culture from the blood of guinea pigs which succumbed to infection after being inoculated with the blood or organ emulsions from patients suffering from yellow fever. These cultures also proved to be virulent when tested on susceptible animals. The morphological characteristics and certain biological properties of the organism were considered in detail. It is invisible under translucent illumination and is difficult to stain by most aniline dyes. It is highly sensitive to the presence of bacteria and is rapidly destroyed in a medium in which certain other organisms are present. The presence of blood serum (man, sheep, horse, rabbit, etc.) seems to be essential for its growth. It grows well at a temperature of about 25-26 degrees C. and more quickly at 37 degrees C., though at the latter temperature it dies out within a few weeks. At 25 degrees C. under favorable conditions and in suitable culture media it remains viable for several months without losing its virulence. Leptospira icteroides multiplies by transverse division. The virulence attained by some strains was such that 0.00001 cc. of a culture could induce typical fatal infection in guinea pigs. There exists a considerable variation among guinea pigs in their susceptibility to Leptospira icteroides. The organism is killed within 10 minutes at a temperature of 55 degrees C. and is also destroyed by complete desiccation or freezing and thawing. Bile and bile salts dissolve it in certain concentrations, but not saponin. Leptospira icteroides passes through the pores of Berkefeld filters V and N, and there is a possibility of its having a granular phase of life under certain conditions.
通过采用旨在促进需氧菌和厌氧菌生长的方法，特别是那些属于螺旋体类的方法，有可能获得一种娇嫩生物体的纯培养物，其形态特征将其置于钩端螺旋体属。从 11 例黄热病中有 3 例，即从 3 例中直接培养出该生物体。将这 3 株菌接种给感染后的豚鼠，发现它们能诱导出特征性的症状和病变。该生物体被命名为黄疸钩端螺旋体。从接种了黄热病患者血液或器官乳液而感染后死亡的豚鼠的血液中也可获得纯培养的黄疸钩端螺旋体。在易感动物身上进行测试时，这些培养物也证明具有毒性。详细考虑了该生物体的形态特征和某些生物学特性。在半透明照明下，它是不可见的，并且大多数苯胺染料难以染色。它对细菌的存在高度敏感，并且在存在某些其他生物体的培养基中迅速被破坏。血液血清（人、绵羊、马、兔等）的存在似乎对其生长是必需的。它在约 25-26°C 的温度下生长良好，在 37°C 下生长更快，尽管在后者温度下，它在数周内就会死亡。在 25°C 的有利条件和合适的培养基中，它可以在不失去其毒性的情况下存活数月。黄疸钩端螺旋体通过横向分裂繁殖。一些菌株的毒力如此之高，以至于 0.00001 cc 的培养物即可在豚鼠中引起典型的致命感染。在对黄疸钩端螺旋体的易感性方面，豚鼠之间存在相当大的差异。在 55°C 的温度下，该生物体在 10 分钟内被杀死，并且完全干燥或冷冻和解冻也会破坏它。胆汁和胆盐在一定浓度下溶解它，但不溶解皂苷。黄疸钩端螺旋体通过 Berkefeld 过滤器 V 和 N 的孔，并且在某些条件下它可能具有颗粒相生命。
