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疟原虫在夏秋疟疾中的新月形体;它们的迁移和附着在红细胞表面。

CRESCENTIC BODIES IN AESTIVO-AUTUMNAL MALARIA; THEIR MIGRATION AND ATTACHMENT TO THE SURFACE OF THE RED CORPUSCLE.

机构信息

Laboratory of Dr. Mary R. Lawson, New London.

出版信息

J Exp Med. 1920 Jan 31;31(2):201-7. doi: 10.1084/jem.31.2.201.

DOI:10.1084/jem.31.2.201
PMID:19868397
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2128229/
Abstract
  1. In pig embryos of 100 to 270 mn the average coagulation time of the blood was found to be about 23 minutes. This represents a coagulation time six to eight times greater than that obtained for the adult. 2. The first evidence of coagulation in the blood of these embryos consisted in the appearance of small masses of fibrin deposited almost invariably at the side of the test-tube. The ensuing coagulum was, as a rule, in the nature of a sliding clot, never attaining any marked degree of density or firmness. 3. In an analysis of the possible factors involved in this greater coagulation time of embryonic blood, it was found that numerically the blood platelets varied from 415,000 to 800,000 per c.mm., a content not differing in any significant degree from that of .the adult, in which the average was found to be about 588,000 with a variation from 544,000 to 932,000. 4. The addition of platelet material obtained from adult pig blood reduced the coagulation time for embryonic blood to an average of 8.4 minutes, a decrease of 75 per cent. 5. The addition of two drops of 0.5 per cent calcium chloride reduced the coagulation time for embryonic blood to an average of 10.3 minutes, a reduction of over 50 per cent. 6. The addition of tissue extract to embryonic blood reduced the coagulation time to an average of 3.7 minutes, a time essentially equivalent to that obtained for adult blood. The clot was of a much firmer character than that obtained either in the normal coagulation or in the calcium experiments. 7. Chemical analysis demonstrated a calcium content in embry onic blood in excess of that of the adult, in the proportion of 7: 5. 8. In view of the results indicated above, it became evident that the calcium in embryonic blood must be present in some combined form. This conclusion is supported by experiments in which barium and magnesium brought about a reduction in coagulation time in non-oxalated embryonic blood, but did not have this effect when added to oxalated blood, indicating in the former case, on the basis of the specificity of calcium, a liberation of free calcium ions. With oxa lated blood, it was also found that under certain conditions coagulation could be brought about by the addition of tissue extract. 9. That the fibrinogen content plays no important part in coagulation time is shown by the fact that whereas the maximum amount of fibrin obtained by defibrinating embryonic blood was about 12 per cent of that obtained from the adult, nevertheless upon the addition of tissue extract the coagulation time of embryonic blood becomes equivalent to that of the adult. 10. The presence of bile was demonstrated in the circulating blood of these embryos. Since it was further demonstrated that by the addition of bile to adult blood conditions could be produced essentially identical with those of embryonic blood, and since in the preceding analysis of the factors involved in coagulation no significant differences could be demonstrated between the blood of the embryos and that of the adult other than the presence of bile in the former, the data justify the conclusion that the bile content in the circulation of 100 to 270 mm. pig embryos constitutes the primary factor accounting for the greater coagulation time in the blood of these embryos. A condition in embryonic blood in some respects comparable with that of icterus is also indicated. 11. In the calcium experiments the results are apparently due primarily to the introduction of calcium ions in excess of the amount which enters into chemical combination with the bile present. With tissue extract it appears that the free calcium ions essential for the initiation of coagulation must be liberated through some interaction with the constituents of bile. 12. The results of this study suggest that the normal coagulation of embryonic blood, as far as bile is concerned, involves a process comparable with that obtained after the addition of tissue extract or cephalin, but on a smaller scale. In the embryonic blood in vitro, through the gradual disintegration of cellular elements, a certain amount of tissue substance (cephalin(?)) is slowly set free in the plasma, neutralizing the bile and ultimately liberating a sufficient amount of calcium to bring about coagulation.
摘要
  1. 在 100 至 270 毫米的猪胚胎中,血液的平均凝固时间约为 23 分钟。这表示凝血时间比成年猪长六到八倍。

  2. 这些胚胎血液中凝血的第一个证据是,在试管的一侧出现了几乎总是沉积的小纤维蛋白团块。随后的凝块通常是滑动凝块,从未达到任何明显的密度或坚固度。

  3. 在分析胚胎血液中这种较长凝血时间涉及的可能因素时,发现血小板的数量从每立方毫米 415,000 到 800,000 不等,其含量与成年猪没有显著差异,成年猪的平均含量约为 588,000,变异范围为 544,000 至 932,000。

  4. 添加来自成年猪血液的血小板物质将胚胎血液的凝固时间减少到平均 8.4 分钟,减少了 75%。

  5. 添加两滴 0.5%氯化钙将胚胎血液的凝固时间减少到平均 10.3 分钟,减少了超过 50%。

  6. 添加组织提取物可将胚胎血液的凝固时间减少到平均 3.7 分钟,这一时间与成年猪血液的凝固时间基本相同。凝块的质地比正常凝固或钙实验中获得的凝块更坚固。

  7. 化学分析表明,胚胎血液中的钙含量超过成年猪,比例为 7:5。

  8. 鉴于上述结果,显然胚胎血液中的钙必须以某种结合形式存在。这一结论得到了实验的支持,其中钡和镁可使未氧化的胚胎血液的凝固时间缩短,但添加到氧化的血液中则没有这种效果,这表明在前者的情况下,基于钙的特异性,游离钙离子被释放出来。对于氧化的血液,还发现,在某些条件下,通过添加组织提取物可以引起凝固。

  9. 纤维蛋白原含量在凝固时间中不起重要作用,这一事实表明,从胚胎血液中获得的最大纤维蛋白量约为成年猪的 12%,但添加组织提取物后,胚胎血液的凝固时间与成年猪的凝固时间相等。

  10. 在这些胚胎的循环血液中存在胆汁。由于进一步证明,通过向成年血液中添加胆汁,可以产生与胚胎血液基本相同的条件,并且在前面对凝血涉及的因素的分析中,除了前者血液中存在胆汁外,胚胎和成年猪的血液之间没有表现出除了胆汁之外的其他显著差异,因此数据证明了在 100 至 270 毫米的猪胚胎循环血液中,胆汁含量是导致这些胚胎血液凝固时间较长的主要因素。还表明胚胎血液中存在一种与黄疸相似的情况。

  11. 在钙实验中,结果显然主要是由于引入了过量的钙离子,这些钙离子与存在的胆汁发生化学结合。对于组织提取物,似乎对于引发凝固所必需的游离钙离子必须通过与胆汁成分的某种相互作用释放出来。

  12. 这项研究的结果表明,就胆汁而言,胚胎血液的正常凝固涉及到与添加组织提取物或脑磷脂后获得的过程相似,但规模较小。在胚胎血液的体外,通过细胞成分的逐渐崩解,一定量的组织物质(脑磷脂(?))在血浆中缓慢释放,中和胆汁并最终释放出足够的钙来引起凝固。

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