肺炎球菌感染的流行病学：健康人群鼻腔和咽喉中肺炎球菌的发生率和传播情况。
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION : THE INCIDENCE AND SPREAD OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN THE NASAL PASSAGES AND THROATS OF HEALTHY PERSONS.
机构信息
Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
出版信息
J Exp Med. 1931 Mar 31;53(4):535-52. doi: 10.1084/jem.53.4.535.
Abstract
- Pneumococci were obtained at one time or another from the nasal passages or throats of 80 per cent of 105 adults and children studied. In adults, they were obtained more frequently from the throat; in children, as often from the nasal passages as from the throat. 2. Of 500 pneumococcus strains studied, 97 per cent proved to be serologically specific. They formed smooth colonies and were for the most part avirulent for mice. Types I and II were obtained from one and two individuals respectively on one occasion only. Type III was obtained from nine individuals; Type XIII from nine individuals; Type XVI and Type XVIII from three individuals, for varying periods in each case. Atypical pneumococci were secured from 13 persons on single and scattered occasions. They varied in colony morphology, did not kill mice, or agglutinate in saline, but flocculated in all types of antipneumococcus sera employed and over a wide pH range in acid buffers. Their occurrence was apparently not associated with any type-transformation or virulence-enhancement process in vivo. 3. Strains of pneumococcus obtained on successive cultures from a given carrier were, with rare exceptions, of the same serological type and were similar in colony morphology, virulence for mice, and other tested biological characteristics. 4. Pneumococci of Types I and II were obtained under conditions suggestive that they lacked a capacity to spread readily; pneumococci of Types III and XIII, on the other hand, were obtained under conditions suggestive that they were spreading from person to person. 5. The persons studied differed consistently with respect to the occurrence of pneumococci. Some were pneumococcus-free, some were transient carriers, some periodic, and some chronic carriers. Data are given which suggest that the differences were due to variations in host resistance. 6. The incidence of pneumococci in all individuals studied underwent a seasonal variation paralleling that of coryza and sore throats in the same persons.
摘要
在研究的 105 名成人和儿童中，有 80%的人在某个时间从鼻腔或喉咙中分离出肺炎球菌。在成人中，肺炎球菌更多地从喉咙中分离出来；而在儿童中，从鼻腔和喉咙中分离出来的频率大致相同。
在研究的 500 株肺炎球菌菌株中，97%具有血清学特异性。它们形成光滑的菌落，大多数对小鼠没有毒力。仅在一次研究中从一个人和两个人身上分别获得了 I 型和 II 型。从 9 个人身上获得了 III 型；从 9 个人身上获得了 XIII 型；从 3 个人身上获得了 XVI 型和 XVIII 型，每种情况下的时间都不同。在单个和分散的情况下，从 13 个人身上获得了非典型肺炎球菌。它们在菌落形态上有所不同，不会杀死小鼠，也不会在盐水中凝集，但在所有类型的抗肺炎球菌血清中都发生絮状沉淀，并在酸性缓冲液中在较宽的 pH 范围内发生絮状沉淀。它们的出现显然与体内任何类型的转化或毒力增强过程无关。
从给定的携带者连续培养中获得的肺炎球菌菌株，除了极少数例外，均具有相同的血清型，并且在菌落形态、对小鼠的毒力以及其他经过测试的生物学特征方面都相似。
I 型和 II 型肺炎球菌是在缺乏易于传播能力的条件下获得的；另一方面，III 型和 XIII 型肺炎球菌是在提示它们正在人际传播的条件下获得的。
所研究的人在肺炎球菌的发生方面存在一致性差异。有些人是无肺炎球菌者，有些人是短暂携带者，有些人是周期性携带者，有些人是慢性携带者。有数据表明，这些差异是由于宿主抵抗力的变化所致。
在所有研究的个体中，肺炎球菌的发病率经历了与同一人群中感冒和喉咙痛相似的季节性变化。
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