Medical School, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):607-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.008.
In 1977, Engel published the seminal paper, "The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine" [Science 196 (1977) 129-136]. He featured a biopsychosocial (BPS) model based on systems theory and on the hierarchical organization of organisms. In this essay, the model is extended by the introduction of semiotics and constructivism. Semiotics provides the language which allows to describe the relationships between the individual and his environment. Constructivism explains how an organism perceives his environment. The impact of the BPS model on research, medical education, and application in the practice of medicine is discussed.
1977 年，Engel 发表了开创性的论文《需要新的医学模式：对生物医学的挑战》[Science 196 (1977) 129-136]。他提出了一个基于系统理论和生物体层级组织的生物心理社会（BPS）模型。在这篇文章中，通过引入符号学和建构主义对该模型进行了扩展。符号学提供了一种语言，允许描述个体与其环境之间的关系。建构主义解释了生物体如何感知其环境。讨论了 BPS 模型对研究、医学教育和医学实践应用的影响。
