Chen Huey T
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Eval Program Plann. 2010 Aug;33(3):205-14. doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.10.002. Epub 2009 Oct 20.
The Campbellian validity model and the traditional top-down approach to validity have had a profound influence on research and evaluation. That model includes the concepts of internal and external validity and within that model, the preeminence of internal validity as demonstrated in the top-down approach. Evaluators and researchers have, however, increasingly recognized that in an evaluation, the over-emphasis on internal validity reduces that evaluation's usefulness and contributes to the gulf between academic and practical communities regarding interventions. This article examines the limitations of the Campbellian validity model and the top-down approach and provides a comprehensive, alternative model, known as the integrative validity model for program evaluation. The integrative validity model includes the concept of viable validity, which is predicated on a bottom-up approach to validity. This approach better reflects stakeholders' evaluation views and concerns, makes external validity workable, and becomes therefore a preferable alternative for evaluation of health promotion/social betterment programs. The integrative validity model and the bottom-up approach enable evaluators to meet scientific and practical requirements, facilitate in advancing external validity, and gain a new perspective on methods. The new perspective also furnishes a balanced view of credible evidence, and offers an alternative perspective for funding.
坎贝尔效度模型以及传统的自上而下的效度方法对研究与评估产生了深远影响。该模型包含内部效度和外部效度的概念，且在该模型中，内部效度在自上而下的方法中占据主导地位。然而，评估者和研究者越来越认识到，在一项评估中，过度强调内部效度会降低该评估的实用性，并导致学术界和实践界在干预措施方面产生隔阂。本文探讨了坎贝尔效度模型和自上而下方法的局限性，并提供了一个全面的替代模型，即项目评估的整合效度模型。整合效度模型包含可行效度的概念，它基于自下而上的效度方法。这种方法能更好地反映利益相关者的评估观点和关切，使外部效度切实可行，因此成为健康促进/社会改善项目评估的更优选择。整合效度模型和自下而上的方法使评估者能够满足科学和实践要求，有助于推进外部效度，并获得新的方法视角。新视角还能提供对可信证据的平衡看法，并为资金提供另一种视角。
