Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology of the University, Domagkstrasse 11, Münster, Germany.
Hum Reprod Update. 2010 May-Jun;16(3):231-45. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmp048. Epub 2009 Nov 24.
Semen quality is taken as a surrogate measure of male fecundity in clinical andrology, male fertility, reproductive toxicology, epidemiology and pregnancy risk assessments. Reference intervals for values of semen parameters from a fertile population could provide data from which prognosis of fertility or diagnosis of infertility can be extrapolated.
Semen samples from over 4500 men in 14 countries on four continents were obtained from retrospective and prospective analyses on fertile men, men of unknown fertility status and men selected as normozoospermic. Men whose partners had a time-to-pregnancy (TTP) of < or =12 months were chosen as individuals to provide reference distributions for semen parameters. Distributions were also generated for a population assumed to represent the general population.
The following one-sided lower reference limits, the fifth centiles (with 95th percent confidence intervals), were generated from men whose partners had TTP < or = 12 months: semen volume, 1.5 ml (1.4-1.7); total sperm number, 39 million per ejaculate (33-46); sperm concentration, 15 million per ml (12-16); vitality, 58% live (55-63); progressive motility, 32% (31-34); total (progressive + non-progressive) motility, 40% (38-42); morphologically normal forms, 4.0% (3.0-4.0). Semen quality of the reference population was superior to that of the men from the general population and normozoospermic men.
The data represent sound reference distributions of semen characteristics of fertile men in a number of countries. They provide an appropriate tool in conjunction with clinical data to evaluate a patient's semen quality and prospects for fertility.
精液质量被用作临床男科、男性生育力、生殖毒理学、流行病学和妊娠风险评估中的男性生育力的替代指标。来自生育力人群的精液参数值的参考区间可以提供数据，从中可以推断生育力的预后或不孕的诊断。
来自四大洲 14 个国家的 4500 多名男性的精液样本来自对生育力男性、未知生育力状况的男性和选择的正常精子症男性的回顾性和前瞻性分析。选择其伴侣的妊娠时间（TTP）<或=12 个月的男性作为个体，提供精液参数的参考分布。还为假设代表一般人群的人群生成了分布。
从其伴侣的 TTP<或=12 个月的男性中生成了以下单侧下限，即第五百分位数（95%置信区间）：精液量，1.5ml（1.4-1.7）；每次射精的总精子数，3900 万/次（33-46）；精子浓度，1500 万/ml（12-16）；活力，58%活（55-63）；前向运动精子，32%（31-34）；总（前向+非前向）运动精子，40%（38-42）；形态正常的形态，4.0%（3.0-4.0）。参考人群的精液质量优于一般人群和正常精子症男性的精液质量。
这些数据代表了多个国家生育力男性精液特征的可靠参考分布。它们与临床数据一起提供了一个适当的工具，用于评估患者的精液质量和生育前景。
