Center for Developmental Research, Psychology, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
J Youth Adolesc. 2010 Dec;39(12):1442-56. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9479-8. Epub 2009 Nov 25.
Recent research suggests that youths interpret parental control and that this may have implications for how control affects youths' adjustment. In this study, we propose that youths' feelings about being over-controlled by parents and feeling connected to parents are intermediary processes linking parental control and youths' adjustment. We used three years of longitudinal data sampled from 1,022 Swedish youths in 7th, 8th, and 9th grade (47.3% girls; 12-17 years old, M age = 14.28 years, SD = .98) who were mainly Swedish in ethnic origin. We tested models linking parental control (i.e., rules, restriction of freedom, and coldness-rejection) to adjustment (i.e., norm-breaking, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem) through youths feeling over-controlled by and connected to parents. The overall model incorporating youths' feelings showed that restrictions and coldness-rejection were both indirectly linked to increases in norm-breaking and depressive symptoms through increases in youths feeling over-controlled. Parental rules still independently predicted decreases in norm-breaking and in self-esteem, and coldness-rejection predicted increases in norm-breaking. In addition, some paths (e.g., feeling over-controlled to self-esteem) depended on the youths' age, whereas others depended on their gender. These results suggest that when youths' feelings are taken into account, all behavioral control is not the same, and the line between behavioral control and psychological control is blurred. We conclude that it is important to consider youths' feelings of being controlled and suggest that future research focus more on exploring this idea.
最近的研究表明，青少年会对父母的控制进行解读，而这种解读方式可能会影响控制对青少年适应能力的影响。在这项研究中，我们提出，青少年对父母过度控制的感受以及与父母的联系是连接父母控制和青少年适应能力的中介过程。我们使用了三年的纵向数据，这些数据来自于瑞典 7、8、9 年级的 1022 名青少年（47.3%为女生；年龄在 12-17 岁之间，平均年龄为 14.28 岁，标准差为 0.98），他们主要来自瑞典。我们通过青少年对父母过度控制和联系的感受，测试了将父母控制（即规则、限制自由和冷漠拒绝）与青少年适应能力（即违反规范、抑郁症状和自尊）联系起来的模型。纳入青少年感受的整体模型表明，限制和冷漠拒绝都通过增加青少年对过度控制的感受，与违反规范和抑郁症状的增加间接相关。父母的规则仍然独立地预测了违反规范和自尊的减少，而冷漠拒绝则预测了违反规范的增加。此外，一些路径（例如，过度控制感与自尊）取决于青少年的年龄，而另一些路径则取决于他们的性别。这些结果表明，当考虑到青少年的感受时，并非所有的行为控制都是相同的，行为控制和心理控制之间的界限变得模糊。我们得出的结论是，考虑到青少年被控制的感受很重要，并建议未来的研究更多地关注探索这一观点。
