Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Jan 15;408(4):690-701. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.019. Epub 2009 Nov 27.
The rapid economic growth in China has caused ever-increasing pollution and gradual deterioration of surface water quality over the whole territory of China since 1978. Along with it, there have been 130 environmental protection policies publicized and enacted. Unfortunately, even though these contradictory phenomena have coexisted for almost three decades, the cause analysis and the effective evaluation of policy measures are still rare. The Jiaxing region, a lowland located at the Taihu Lake watershed, is a typical representative of this dilemma and was proposed as a case study area for an assessment on the effectiveness of the environmental policy measures mentioned above. The pollutant loads originating from point pollution sources were discharged into rivers at fixed in-stream sites, while pollutant loads from non-point pollution sources in rural areas were assumed to be rushed into rivers by stormwater runoff. The environmental policy measures concerning water quality in the Jiaxing region were specified quantitatively as parameters for estimating the variation of pollutant loads. The base case and other three cases with the effects of policy measures were then simulated by the surface water quality models. The results show that a significant improvement of the surface water quality can be achieved by controlling the non-point pollution in rural areas and the point pollution over the whole area, if the water protection policies are sustainable and executed completely, and if the local government is active in their administrative, supervising and educational responsibilities and the farmers assume voluntary activities on rural pollution control.
自 1978 年以来，中国经济的快速增长导致了全国范围内不断增加的污染和地表水水质的逐渐恶化。随之而来的是，已经公布并实施了 130 项环境保护政策。不幸的是，尽管这些矛盾现象已经共存了近三十年，但对政策措施的原因分析和有效评估仍然很少。嘉兴地区位于太湖流域的低地，是这种困境的典型代表，并被提议作为上述环境政策措施有效性评估的案例研究区域。点污染源的污染物负荷被排放到河流的固定河道点，而农村地区的非点污染源污染物负荷则被假定为暴雨径流冲入河流。与水质有关的嘉兴地区环境政策措施被具体量化为估计污染物负荷变化的参数。然后通过水质模型模拟基础案例和其他三个具有政策措施效果的案例。结果表明，如果水保护政策是可持续的和完全执行的，如果地方政府积极履行其行政、监督和教育责任，并且农民承担农村污染控制的自愿活动，那么通过控制农村地区的非点污染和整个地区的点污染，可以显著改善地表水水质。
