Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
Emotion. 2009 Dec;9(6):807-20. doi: 10.1037/a0017844.
We investigated the value of the Duchenne (D) smile as a spontaneous sign of felt enjoyment. Participants either smiled spontaneously in response to amusing material (spontaneous condition) or were instructed to pose a smile (deliberate condition). Similar amounts of D and non-Duchenne (ND) smiles were observed in these 2 conditions (Experiment 1). When subsets of these smiles were presented to other participants, they generally rated spontaneous and deliberate D and ND smiles differently. Moreover, they distinguished between D smiles of varying intensity within the spontaneous condition (Experiment 2). Such a differentiation was also made when seeing the upper or lower face only (Experiment 3), but was impaired for static compared with dynamic displays (Experiment 4). The predictive value of the D smile in these judgment studies was limited compared with other features such as asymmetry, apex duration, and nonpositive facial actions, and was only significant for ratings of the upper face and static displays. These findings raise doubts about the reliability and validity of the D smile and question the usefulness of facial descriptions in identifying true feelings of enjoyment.
我们研究了杜兴（Duchenne）式微笑作为感受乐趣的自发表现的价值。参与者要么自发地对有趣的材料微笑（自发条件），要么被指示摆出微笑（故意条件）。在这两种情况下，观察到了相似数量的 D 式和非 Duchenne（ND）微笑（实验 1）。当这些微笑的子集呈现给其他参与者时，他们通常会对自发和故意的 D 和 ND 微笑进行不同的评分。此外，他们在自发条件下区分了不同强度的 D 微笑（实验 2）。当只看到上半张脸或下半张脸时，也会做出这种区分（实验 3），但与动态显示相比，静态显示的区分能力受损（实验 4）。与其他特征（如不对称、顶点持续时间和非正面面部动作）相比，D 式微笑在这些判断研究中的预测价值有限，而且仅对上部面部和静态显示的评分具有显著意义。这些发现对 D 式微笑的可靠性和有效性提出了质疑，并对使用面部描述来识别真正的愉悦感的有用性提出了质疑。
