Psychology Department, University of Arkansas, USA.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Mar;30(2):203-16. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003. Epub 2009 Dec 14.
A wealth of research demonstrates attentional biases toward threat in the anxiety disorders. Several models have been advanced to explain these biases in anxiety, yet the mechanisms comprising and mediating the biases remain unclear. In the present article, we review evidence regarding the mechanisms of attentional biases through careful examination of the components of attentional bias, the mechanisms underlying these components, and the stage of information processing during which the biases occur. Facilitated attention, difficulty in disengagement, and attentional avoidance comprise the components of attentional bias. A threat detection mechanism likely underlies facilitated attention, a process that may be neurally centered around the amygdala. Attentional control ability likely underlies difficulty in disengagement, emotion regulation goals likely underlie attentional avoidance, and both of these processes may be neurally centered around prefrontal cortex functioning. The threat detection mechanism may be a mostly automatic process, attentional avoidance may be a mostly strategic process, and difficulty in disengagement may be a mixture of automatic and strategic processing. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
大量研究表明，焦虑障碍患者存在对威胁的注意力偏向。有几种模型被提出来解释焦虑中的这些偏向，但构成和介导这些偏向的机制仍不清楚。在本文中，我们通过仔细检查注意力偏向的组成部分、这些组成部分的基础机制以及偏向发生的信息处理阶段，来回顾关于注意力偏向机制的证据。注意力偏向由易化注意、难以脱离和注意力回避组成。易化注意的基础可能是威胁检测机制，这一过程可能以杏仁核为中心。难以脱离的基础可能是注意力控制能力，注意力回避的基础可能是情绪调节目标，这两个过程可能都以前额叶皮层的功能为中心。威胁检测机制可能是一个主要的自动过程，注意力回避可能是一个主要的策略过程，而难以脱离可能是自动和策略处理的混合。还讨论了对未来研究的建议。
