Cisler Josh M, Bacon Amy K, Williams Nathan L
University of Arkansas.
Cognit Ther Res. 2009 Apr;33(2):221-234. doi: 10.1007/s10608-007-9161-y.
Although research has consistently revealed the presence of a general attentional bias towards threat, empirical and theoretical ambiguity exists in determining whether attentional biases are comprised of facilitated attention to threat, difficulty in disengagement from threat, or both, as well as whether attentional biases reflect automatic or strategic processes. This paper reviews empirical investigations across 4 common assessment tasks: the Stroop (masked and unmasked), dot probe, visual search, and the Posner tasks. Although the review finds inconsistencies both within and between assessment tasks, the evidence suggests that attentional biases towards threat are comprised of each of the phenomenological characteristics addressed in this paper. Contemporary theoretical models of attentional biases in anxiety are summarized and critically reviewed in light of the current evidence. Suggestions for future research are addressed, including a need to investigate the psychometric properties of the assessment tasks, to utilize consistent theoretically driven operationalizations of attentional biases, and to provide a temporal description of the characteristics of attentional biases towards threat.
尽管研究一直揭示出存在对威胁的一般注意偏向，但在确定注意偏向是由对威胁的注意促进、难以从威胁中脱离，还是两者兼而有之，以及注意偏向是反映自动还是策略性过程方面，存在实证和理论上的模糊性。本文回顾了4种常见评估任务的实证研究：斯特鲁普任务（掩蔽和非掩蔽）、点探测任务、视觉搜索任务和波斯纳任务。尽管该综述发现评估任务内部和之间存在不一致之处，但证据表明对威胁的注意偏向由本文所探讨的每种现象学特征构成。根据当前证据，对当代焦虑中注意偏向的理论模型进行了总结和批判性回顾。提出了未来研究的建议，包括需要研究评估任务的心理测量特性，采用一致的理论驱动的注意偏向操作化方法，并对威胁注意偏向的特征进行时间描述。
