Kercher E E
Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1991 Feb;9(1):219-32.
The word crisis implies a challenge to the personality, family, and community created by an altered set of circumstances for which adaptive resources are not readily available. It has long been recognized that mastery of a crisis can result in an enrichment of the personality, which then acquires resources to deal with similar events in the future. Failure to meet the challenge results not infrequently in a maladaptive response, which, too, is likely to be applied to similar challenges in the future--thereby burdening the personality with a handicap. Intervention in crisis aims at assisting the individual toward meeting his or her crisis successfully, and at times entails little more than guidance, advice, or education. When analyzed more adequately, intervention implies an evaluation of the resources within the individual, an evaluation of the resources among those who surround the individual in the family and the community, and an assessment of his or her past personal history. This takes into account how the individual has handled previous crises in his life; educational, vocational, marital, and social achievements; preferences; values; and what he or she expects from professional help. The individual is then invited, with those around him and involved with him, to examine the strengths that are available to him and to participate where possible in planning the steps immediately necessary for the successful resolution of the crisis.
危机一词意味着由一系列改变了的情况对个人、家庭和社区所构成的挑战，而应对这些情况的适应性资源并非唾手可得。长期以来人们认识到，成功应对危机能够丰富个人性格，进而获得应对未来类似事件的资源。未能应对挑战常常会导致适应不良的反应，这种反应很可能也会被用于应对未来类似的挑战——从而给个人性格带来不利影响。危机干预旨在帮助个人成功应对其危机，有时所需的不过是指导、建议或教育。更深入分析时，干预意味着评估个人自身的资源、评估家庭和社区中其周围人的资源，以及评估其个人过往经历。这要考虑到个人在生活中如何应对先前的危机；教育、职业、婚姻和社会成就；偏好；价值观；以及他或她对专业帮助的期望。然后邀请个人及其周围与之相关的人审视他所具备的优势，并尽可能参与规划成功解决危机所需的即时步骤。
