Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Oct;117(10):1580-6. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900765. Epub 2009 May 26.
Adverse health effects of cadmium in adults are well documented, but little is known about the neuropsychological effects of cadmium in children, and no studies of cadmium and blood pressure in children have been conducted.
We examined the potential effects of low-level cadmium exposure on intelligence quotient, neuropsychological functions, behavior, and blood pressure among children, using blood cadmium as a measure of exposure.
We used the data from a multicenter randomized clinical trial of lead-exposed children and analyzed blood cadmium concentrations using the whole blood samples collected when children were 2 years of age. We compared neuropsychological and behavioral scores at 2, 5, and 7 years of age by cadmium level and analyzed the relationship between blood cadmium levels at 2 years of age and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 2, 5, and 7 years of age.
The average cadmium concentration of these children was 0.21 microg/L, lower than for adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), but comparable to concentrations in children < 3 years of age in NHANES. Except for the California Verbal Learning Test for Children, there were no differences in test scores among children in different cadmium categories. For children with detectable pretreatment blood cadmium, after adjusting for a variety of covariates, general linear model analyses showed that at none of the three age points was the coefficient of cadmium on Mental Development Index or IQ statistically significant. Spline regression analysis suggested that behavioral problem scores at 5 and 7 years of age tended to increase with increasing blood cadmium, but the trend was not significant. We found no significant associations between blood cadmium levels and blood pressure.
We found no significant associations between background blood cadmium levels at 2 years of age and neurodevelopmental end points and blood pressure at 2, 5, and 7 years of age. The neuropsychological or hypertensive effects from longer background exposures to cadmium need further study.
镉对成年人的健康有害已被充分证明，但儿童镉暴露对神经心理学的影响却知之甚少，且尚未有研究探讨儿童镉暴露与血压之间的关系。
我们以血镉作为暴露标志物，检测低水平镉暴露对儿童智商、神经心理学功能、行为和血压的潜在影响。
我们采用多中心随机临床试验中采集的 2 岁儿童全血样本，分析血镉浓度，比较不同血镉水平的儿童在 2、5 和 7 岁时的神经心理学和行为评分，并分析 2 岁时血镉水平与 2、5 和 7 岁时收缩压和舒张压之间的关系。
这些儿童的平均血镉浓度为 0.21μg/L，低于国家健康与营养调查（NHANES）中成人的血镉浓度，但与 NHANES 中<3 岁儿童的血镉浓度相当。除加利福尼亚词语学习测验外，不同血镉组的儿童在测试分数上没有差异。对于可检测到预处理血镉的儿童，在调整了多种混杂因素后，多元线性模型分析显示，在三个年龄点，血镉对精神发育指数或智商的系数均无统计学意义。样条回归分析表明，5 岁和 7 岁时的行为问题评分随着血镉的增加而升高，但趋势不显著。我们未发现血镉水平与血压之间存在显著相关性。
我们未发现 2 岁时背景血镉水平与 2、5 和 7 岁时的神经发育终点和血压之间存在显著相关性。需要进一步研究更长时间背景暴露于镉对神经心理学或高血压的影响。
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