Matrine induces cell anergy in human Jurkat T cells through modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor of activated T-cells signaling with concomitant up-regulation of anergy-associated genes expression.

Induction of immunotolerance has become a new strategy for treating autoimmune conditions in recent decades. However, so far there is no ideal therapeutics available for clinical use. Medicinal herbs are a promising potential source of immunotolerance inducers. In the current study, we sought first to optimize conditions for a validated cellular model of human Jurkat cells; and then used this model to screen bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants for inducing T cell anergy in comparison with the effect of well-known T cell anergy inducer, ionomycin. The results showed that passage of the cells, and concentration and stimulation time of ionomycin on the cells could influence the ability of T cell anergy induction. Matrine, a small molecule derived from the root of Sophora flavescens AIT., was demonstrated to be effective in inducing T cell anergy in human Jurkat cells. The cells exposed to matrine showed markedly decreased mRNA expression of interleukin-2, an indicator of T cell anergy, when the cells were stimulated by antigens, anti-OKT3 plus anti-CD28. Mechanistic study showed that ionomycin and matrine could up-regulate the anergy-associated gene expressions of CD98 and Jumonji and activate nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) nuclear translocation in absence of cooperation of AP-1 in Jurkat cells. Pre-incubation with matrine or ionomycin could also shorten extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and suppress c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) expression on the anergic Jurkat cells when the cells were stimulated with anti-OKT-3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies. Thus, matrine is a strong candidate for further investigation as a T cell immunotolerance inducer.