Department of Philosophy, History and Law, School of Health Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom.
Int J Drug Policy. 2010 Jul;21(4):276-82. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.11.009. Epub 2010 Jan 6.
Review articles suggest a small but significant proportion (between 3 and 12%) of male adolescents have used anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) at some point (Yesalis and Bahrke, 2000; Calfee and Fadale, 2006). In sport, the use of prohibited substances or processes to enhance performance, collectively referred to as 'doping', is banned by both sports' National and International Governing Bodies, and by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) who run an extensive testing programme and educational initiatives designed to foster anti-doping attitudes.
A total of 40 talented male and female athletes (mean average age 19.6 years) from 13 different sports attended 12 focus groups held over the UK intended to investigate athletes' attitudes toward doping. Focus group transcriptions were analysed and coded with the use of QSR NVivo 8.
Athletes in general did not report a significant national doping problem in their sport, but exhibited sporting xenophobia with regard to both doping practices and the stringency of testing procedures outside of the UK. Athletes often viewed doping as 'unnatural' and considered the shame associated with doping to be a significant deterrent. Athletes perceived no external pressure to use performance enhancing drugs. In response to hypothetical questions, however, various factors were acknowledged as potential 'pressure' points: most notably injury recovery and the economic pressures of elite sport. Finally, a significant minority of athletes entertained the possibility of taking a banned hypothetical performance enhancing drug under conditions of guaranteed success and undetectability.
The athletes in this study generally embraced those values promoted in anti-doping educational programmes, although there were some notable exceptions. That the social emotion of shame was considered a significant deterrent suggests anti-doping efforts that cultivate a shared sense of responsibility to remain 'clean' and emphasise the social sanctions associated with being deemed a 'drugs cheat', resonate with this atypical social group.
综述文章表明，在某些时候，有一小部分但数量相当可观（3%至 12%之间）的男青少年曾使用过合成代谢雄激素类固醇（AAS）（Yesalis 和 Bahrke，2000；Calfee 和 Fadale，2006）。在体育运动中，使用禁止的物质或过程来提高成绩，统称为“兴奋剂”，被体育的国家和国际管理机构以及世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）所禁止，后者运行着广泛的测试计划和教育举措，旨在培养反兴奋剂态度。
共有来自 13 个不同运动项目的 40 名有天赋的男女运动员（平均年龄 19.6 岁）参加了在英国举行的 12 个焦点小组会议，旨在调查运动员对兴奋剂的态度。使用 QSR NVivo 8 对焦点小组的记录进行了分析和编码。
运动员普遍没有报告他们运动中存在重大的国家兴奋剂问题，但表现出对兴奋剂实践和英国以外的测试程序的严格性的体育偏见。运动员通常将兴奋剂视为“不自然”，并认为与兴奋剂相关的耻辱感是一个重要的威慑因素。运动员没有感受到使用性能增强药物的外部压力。然而，在回答假设问题时，各种因素被认为是潜在的“压力”点：最值得注意的是受伤恢复和精英运动的经济压力。最后，少数运动员考虑在保证成功和无法检测到的情况下服用一种被禁止的假设性能增强药物。
这项研究中的运动员普遍接受了反兴奋剂教育计划所倡导的价值观，尽管也有一些明显的例外。耻辱感这一社会情感被认为是一个重要的威慑因素，这表明，培养一种共同的责任感，保持“干净”，并强调被视为“药物作弊者”所带来的社会制裁的反兴奋剂努力，与这个非典型的社会群体产生共鸣。
