Steyn Barend J M, Nolte Kim
Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Department of Physiology, Biokinetics and Sport Science Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Nov 10;3:728506. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.728506. eCollection 2021.
The concept of ego has various meanings in the field of psychology, depending on the paradigmatic and theoretical framework point of departure. The ego phenomenon as operationalized and measured in the theoretical framework of goal orientation will be the contextual framework for a historical conceptual analysis. In the past three decades, research in the theoretical framework of goal orientation has revealed a positive relationship between ego involvement and the tendency to use the prohibited substances to enhance performance in sport. The concept of the ego phenomenon as operationalized within goal orientation theory and meanings attached to the concept can be connected to the historic oriental writings that were written ~2,500 years ago. These attached meanings to the ego phenomenon include elements of extreme competitiveness and outcome orientation, as well as social comparisons and the external norms for the measurement of success and failure. These meanings can be traced back to the classical works involving the Bhagavad Gita, the Tao Te Ching, and the Eastern Origins of Mindfulness that are part of the broader Buddhist philosophical system. Meister Eckhart, a 12th century German theologian, in his significant contribution on the analysis of the as opposed to the also provides insight into the ego phenomenon that can explain why the ego phenomenon can be linked to some of the deeper psychological motives of using the prohibited substances. The researchers in psychology do not yet have a full understanding of why certain athletes dope or have a susceptibility to use the prohibited substances or performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) and thus the motivation for this historical conceptual analysis of the ego phenomenon. Therefore, this article aimed to deepen the understanding of psychological motives of the athletes who exhibit tendencies toward cheating in general and the proclivity to use the prohibited substances.
自我概念在心理学领域有多种含义，这取决于所采用的范式和理论框架出发点。在目标导向理论框架中所实施和测量的自我现象，将作为历史概念分析的背景框架。在过去三十年里，目标导向理论框架下的研究揭示了自我卷入与使用违禁物质以提高运动成绩倾向之间的正相关关系。在目标导向理论中实施的自我现象概念及其所附加的含义，可以与大约2500年前撰写的历史东方文献相联系。这些附加在自我现象上的含义包括极端竞争和结果导向的元素，以及社会比较和衡量成败的外部规范。这些含义可以追溯到涉及《薄伽梵歌》《道德经》以及更广泛佛教哲学体系一部分的正念东方起源等经典著作。12世纪的德国神学家 Meister Eckhart 在其对“ 与 ”的分析中的重大贡献，也为自我现象提供了见解，这可以解释为什么自我现象可以与使用违禁物质的一些更深层次心理动机联系起来。心理学研究人员尚未完全理解为什么某些运动员会使用兴奋剂或容易使用违禁物质或提高成绩的药物（PEDs），因此有了对自我现象进行这种历史概念分析的动机。所以，本文旨在加深对那些普遍表现出作弊倾向以及使用违禁物质倾向的运动员心理动机的理解。
