Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341 , USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2010 May;118(5):679-85. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901560. Epub 2010 Jan 4.
Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, -pharmaceuticals, and food and beverage processing.
We assessed exposure to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens in a representative sample of persons >or= 6 years of age in the U.S. general population from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
We analyzed 2,548 urine samples by using online solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
We detected methyl paraben (MP) and propyl paraben (PP) in 99.1% and 92.7% of the samples, respectively. We detected ethyl (42.4%) and butyl (47%) parabens less frequently and at median concentrations at least one order of magnitude lower than MP (63.5 microg/L) and PP (8.7 microg/L). Least-square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of MP were significantly higher (p <or= 0.01) among non-Hispanic blacks than among non-Hispanic whites except at older ages (>or= 60 years). Adolescent and adult females had significantly higher (p < 0.01) LSGM concentrations of MP and PP than did adolescent and adult males. Females were more likely than males [adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): MP, 3.2 (2.99-5.27); PP, 4.19 (2.34-7.49)] and non-Hispanic blacks were more likely than non-Hispanic whites [MP, 4.99 (2.62-9.50); PP, 3.6 (1.86-7.05)] to have concentrations above the 95th percentile.
The general U.S. population was exposed to several parabens during 2005-2006. Differences in the urinary concentrations of MP and PP by sex and race/ethnicity likely reflect the use of personal care products containing these compounds.
对羟基苯甲酸酯作为一种广谱抗菌防腐剂，被广泛应用于化妆品、制药、食品和饮料加工行业。
本研究在美国普通人群中选取了一个具有代表性的年龄在 6 岁及以上的样本，评估了人群对甲基、乙基、丙基和丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯的暴露水平。
我们采用在线固相萃取结合同位素稀释-高效液相色谱/串联质谱法，对 2548 份尿液样本进行了分析。
在所检测的样本中，99.1%的样本中检测到了甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（MP），92.7%的样本中检测到了丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（PP）。乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（42.4%）和丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯（47%）的检出率较低，其浓度中位数均比 MP（63.5μg/L）和 PP（8.7μg/L）低至少一个数量级。除 60 岁以上人群外，非西班牙裔黑人群体的 LSGM 浓度显著高于非西班牙裔白人群体（p≤0.01）。青少年和成年女性的 MP 和 PP 的 LSGM 浓度明显高于青少年和成年男性（p≤0.01）。女性的浓度中位数高于男性（调整后的优势比（OR）和 95%置信区间（CI）：MP，3.2（2.99-5.27）；PP，4.19（2.34-7.49）），非西班牙裔黑人群体的浓度中位数高于非西班牙裔白人群体（MP，4.99（2.62-9.50）；PP，3.6（1.86-7.05））。
2005-2006 年期间，普通美国人群接触了多种对羟基苯甲酸酯。性别和种族/民族差异导致 MP 和 PP 的尿液浓度存在差异，这可能反映了使用含有这些化合物的个人护理产品。
