Multidistance probe arrangement to eliminate artifacts in functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy has the potential to easily detect cerebral functional hemodynamics. However, in practical fNIRS measurements, a subject's physical or systemic physiological activities often cause undesirable artifacts. Such activities can be evoked even by task execution. In this case, observed artifacts may correlate strongly with the task sequence, and it is difficult to eliminate them by conventional signal filtering techniques. We present a theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations of layered media in which both scattering and absorption changes occur, and show that a multidistance probe arrangement is effective in removing artifacts and extracting functional hemodynamics. The probe arrangement is determined based on simulation results. Artifacts induced by nonfunctional tasks (body tilting, head nodding, and breath holding) are clearly observed when a conventional method is used; such artifacts are appreciably reduced by the proposed method. Signals evoked by single-sided finger movements are observed at both hemispheres when we use a conventional method. On the other hand, localized signals at the primary motor area are observed by the proposed method. A statistically significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin and decrease in deoxygenated hemoglobin are simultaneously observed at the contralateral primary motor area.