Department of Kinesiology, Rec. Hall-268N, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Hum Mov Sci. 2010 Oct;29(5):642-54. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2009.11.002. Epub 2010 Jan 8.
This review describes a novel view on stages in motor learning based on recent developments of the notion of synergies, the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis, and the equilibrium-point hypothesis (referent configuration) that allow to merge these notions into a single scheme of motor control. The principle of abundance and the principle of minimal final action form the foundation for analyses of natural motor actions performed by redundant sets of elements. Two main stages of motor learning are introduced corresponding to (1) discovery and strengthening of motor synergies stabilizing salient performance variable(s) and (2) their weakening when other aspects of motor performance are optimized. The first stage may be viewed as consisting of two steps, the elaboration of an adequate referent configuration trajectory and the elaboration of multi-joint (multi-muscle) synergies stabilizing the referent configuration trajectory. Both steps are expected to lead to more variance in the space of elemental variables that is compatible with a desired time profile of the salient performance variable ("good variability"). Adjusting control to other aspects of performance during the second stage (for example, esthetics, energy expenditure, time, fatigue, etc.) may lead to a drop in the "good variability". Experimental support for the suggested scheme is reviewed.
这篇综述描述了一种基于最近协同作用概念、非控制流假设和平衡点假设（参考构型）的新的运动学习阶段理论，这些理论将这些概念融合到一个单一的运动控制方案中。丰富原则和最小最终作用原则为分析由冗余元素集执行的自然运动动作提供了基础。引入了两个主要的运动学习阶段，分别对应于（1）发现和加强稳定显著性能变量的运动协同作用，以及（2）当优化运动性能的其他方面时，它们的弱化。第一阶段可以看作由两个步骤组成，即适当的参考构型轨迹的详细说明和稳定参考构型轨迹的多关节（多肌肉）协同作用的详细说明。这两个步骤都有望导致与显著性能变量的期望时间轮廓兼容的元素变量空间中的更大变化（“良好可变性”）。在第二阶段调整控制以适应性能的其他方面（例如，美观、能量消耗、时间、疲劳等）可能会导致“良好可变性”下降。综述了对所提出方案的实验支持。
