Department of Kinesiology, Rec. Hall-268, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2010;46(6):382-92.
We describe several influential hypotheses in the field of motor control including the equilibrium-point (referent configuration) hypothesis, the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis, and the idea of synergies based on the principle of motor abundance. The equilibrium-point hypothesis is based on the idea of control with thresholds for activation of neuronal pools; it provides a framework for analysis of both voluntary and involuntary movements. In particular, control of a single muscle can be adequately described with changes in the threshold of motor unit recruitment during slow muscle stretch (threshold of the tonic stretch reflex). Unlike the ideas of internal models, the equilibrium-point hypothesis does not assume neural computations of mechanical variables. The uncontrolled manifold hypothesis is based on the dynamic system approach to movements; it offers a toolbox to analyze synergic changes within redundant sets of elements related to stabilization of potentially important performance variables. The referent configuration hypothesis and the principle of abundance can be naturally combined into a single coherent scheme of control of multi-element systems. A body of experimental data on healthy persons and patients with movement disorders are reviewed in support of the mentioned hypotheses. In particular, movement disorders associated with spasticity are considered as consequences of an impaired ability to shift threshold of the tonic stretch reflex within the whole normal range. Technical details and applications of the mentioned hypo-theses to studies of motor learning are described. We view the mentioned hypotheses as the most promising ones in the field of motor control, based on a solid physical and neurophysiological foundation.
我们描述了运动控制领域中的几个有影响力的假说，包括平衡点（参照构型）假说、非控制流形假说以及基于运动冗余原理的协同假说。平衡点假说基于神经元池激活的阈值控制的思想，为分析自愿和非自愿运动提供了一个框架。特别是，单个肌肉的控制可以通过在缓慢肌肉拉伸期间运动单位募集的阈值变化来充分描述（紧张性拉伸反射的阈值）。与内部模型的思想不同，平衡点假说不假设机械变量的神经计算。非控制流形假说基于运动的动力系统方法；它提供了一个工具箱，用于分析与潜在重要性能变量稳定相关的冗余元素集合内的协同变化。参照构型假说和冗余原理可以自然地结合到一个多元素系统的控制的单一连贯方案中。以支持上述假说为目的，回顾了关于健康人和运动障碍患者的大量实验数据。特别是，与痉挛相关的运动障碍被认为是在整个正常范围内改变紧张性拉伸反射阈值的能力受损的结果。还描述了所提到的假说在运动学习研究中的技术细节和应用。我们认为，基于坚实的物理和神经生理学基础，上述假说在运动控制领域中是最有前途的。
