Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2009 Dec;59(12):1437-45. doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.12.1437.
The In-Plume Emission Test Stand (IPETS) characterizes gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions from combustion sources in real time. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other gases are quantified with a closed-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Particle concentrations, chemical composition, and other particle properties are characterized with an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), a light-scattering particle detector, an optical particle counter, and filter samples amenable to different laboratory analysis. IPETS measurements of fuel-based emission factors for a diesel generator are compared with those from a Mobile Emissions Laboratory (MEL). IPETS emission factors ranged from 0.3 to 11.8, 0.2 to 3.7, and 22.2 to 32.8 g/kg fuel for CO, NO2, and NO, respectively. IPETS PM emission factors ranged from 0.4 to 1.4, 0.3 to 1.8, 0.3 to 2.2, and 1 to 3.4 g/kg fuel for filter, photoacoustic, nephelometer, and impactor measurements, respectively. Observed linear regression statistics for IPETS versus MEL concentrations were as follows: CO slope = 1.1, r2 = 0.99; NO slope = 1.1, r2 = 0.92; and NO2 slope = 0.8, r2 = 0.96. IPETS versus MEL PM regression statistics were: filter slope = 1.3, r2 = 0.80; ELPI slope = 1.7, r2 = 0.87; light-scattering slope = 2.7, r2 = 0.92; and photoacoustic slope = 2.1, r2 = 0.91. Lower temperatures in the dilution air (approximately 25 degrees C for IPETS vs. approximately 50 degrees C for MEL) may result in greater condensation of semi-volatile compounds on existing particles, thereby explaining the 30% difference for filters. The other PM measurement devices are highly correlated with the filter, but their factory-default PM calibration factors do not represent the size and optical properties of diesel exhaust. They must be normalized to a simultaneous filter measurement.
在 plume排放测试台 (IPETS) 中，实时对燃烧源产生的气态和颗粒物 (PM) 排放进行特征描述。使用闭路傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 (FTIR) 对二氧化碳 (CO2)、一氧化碳 (CO)、一氧化氮 (NO)、二氧化氮 (NO2) 和其他气体进行定量分析。采用电低压撞击器 (ELPI)、光散射粒子探测器、光学粒子计数器和适用于不同实验室分析的过滤器样品来对粒子浓度、化学成分和其他粒子特性进行描述。将基于燃料的柴油发电机 IPETS 排放因子与移动排放实验室 (MEL) 的排放因子进行了比较。IPETS 的 CO、NO2 和 NO 的排放因子分别为 0.3 到 11.8、0.2 到 3.7 和 22.2 到 32.8 g/kg 燃料；IPETS 的 PM 排放因子分别为 0.4 到 1.4、0.3 到 1.8、0.3 到 2.2 和 1 到 3.4 g/kg 燃料，适用于过滤器、光声、浊度计和撞击器的测量。对于 IPETS 与 MEL 浓度的观测线性回归统计数据如下：CO 斜率 = 1.1，r2 = 0.99；NO 斜率 = 1.1，r2 = 0.92；NO2 斜率 = 0.8，r2 = 0.96。对于 IPETS 与 MEL 的 PM 回归统计数据如下：过滤器斜率 = 1.3，r2 = 0.80；ELPI 斜率 = 1.7，r2 = 0.87；光散射斜率 = 2.7，r2 = 0.92；光声斜率 = 2.1，r2 = 0.91。在稀释空气中较低的温度（对于 IPETS 大约为 25 摄氏度，对于 MEL 大约为 50 摄氏度）可能导致半挥发性化合物在现有粒子上更强烈地凝结，从而解释了过滤器之间 30%的差异。其他 PM 测量设备与过滤器高度相关，但它们的工厂默认 PM 校准因子并不代表柴油发动机排气的大小和光学特性。它们必须与同时进行的过滤器测量进行归一化。
