Formulations and delivery vehicles for bone morphogenetic proteins: latest advances and future directions.

Growth factors are essential components of the diamond concept model. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the most potent and promising growth factors and their clinical efficacy is well demonstrated for specific indications. Application of BMPs involves a carrier material to enhance local residual time and pharmacokinetics. On the other hand carrier materials, collagen at this point, also limit the use of BMPs, for example in minimally invasive application methods. In this overview, the pharmacokinetics of BMPs, and various carrier materials (collagen, synthetic polymers, calcium phosphates, hyaluronic acid, CMC, and sodium acetate) are discussed. No other carrier material than collagen has been proven effective in clinical studies. Other formulations are needed to improve the residual time and handling.