The 'diamond concept' for long bone non-union management.

Long bone non-union continues to be a significant worldwide problem. Since its inception over a decade ago, the 'diamond concept', a conceptual framework of what is essential for a successful bone healing response, has gained great acceptance for assessing and planning the management of fracture non-unions. Herein, we discuss the epidemiology of non-unions, the basic science of bone healing in the context of the diamond concept, the currently available results and areas for future research.